Ludwig van Beethoven Beethoven is a key figure in Western classical music during the period between classicism and romanticism, one of the most respected and performed composers in the world. He wrote in all genres that existed in his time, including opera, music for dramatic performances, and choral works.
His father Johann (Johann van Beethoven,) was a singer, tenor, in the court chapel, his mother, Maria Magdalena, before her marriage, Keverich (Maria Magdalena Keverich,), was the daughter of the court chef in Koblenz, they married in 1767.
Beethoven's teachers The composer's father wanted to make a second Mozart out of his son and began teaching him to play the harpsichord and violin. In 1778, the boy's first performance took place in Cologne. However, miraculously, Beethoven did not become a child; his father entrusted the boy to his colleagues and friends. One taught Ludwig to play the organ, the other to play the violin. In 1780, organist and composer Christian Gottlob Nefe arrived in Bonn. He became Beethoven's real teacher
First ten years in Vienna In 1787, Beethoven visited Vienna. After listening to Beethoven's improvisation, Mozart exclaimed. He will make everyone talk about himself! Arriving in Vienna, Beethoven began studying with Haydn, and subsequently claimed that Haydn had taught him nothing; The classes quickly disappointed both student and teacher. Beethoven believed that Haydn was not attentive enough to his efforts; Haydn was frightened not only by Ludwig’s bold views at that time, but also by the rather gloomy melodies, which were rare in those years. Haydn once wrote to Beethoven. Your things are beautiful, they are even wonderful things, but here and there there is something strange, gloomy in them, since you yourself are a little gloomy and strange; and the style of a musician is always himself. Soon Haydn left for England and handed over his student to the famous teacher and theorist Albrechtsberger. In the end, Beethoven himself chose Antonio Salieri as his mentor.
Later years () When Beethoven was 34 years old, Napoleon abandoned his ideals Great French narrow revolution and declared himself emperor. Therefore, Beethoven abandoned his intentions to dedicate his Third Symphony to him: “This Napoleon too ordinary person. Now he will trample underfoot all human rights and become a tyrant.” Due to deafness, Beethoven rarely leaves the house and is deprived of sound perception. He becomes gloomy and withdrawn. It was during these years that the composer, one after another, created his most famous works. During these same years, Beethoven worked on his only opera, Fidelio. This opera belongs to the genre of "horror and rescue" operas. Success for “Fidelio” came only in 1814, when the opera was staged first in Vienna, then in Prague, where it was conducted by the famous German composer Weber and finally in Berlin.
Last years Shortly before his death, the composer handed over the manuscript of “Fidelio” to his friend and secretary Schindler with the words: “This child of my spirit was born in greater torment than the others, and caused me the greatest grief. That’s why it’s dearer to me than anyone else...” After 1812 creative activity the composer falls for a while. However, after three years he begins to work with the same energy. At this time, piano sonatas from the 28th to the last, 32nd, two cello sonatas, quartets, and the vocal cycle “To a Distant Beloved” were created. Much time is also devoted to adaptations of folk songs. Along with Scottish, Irish, Welsh, there are also Russians. But the main creatures recent years became Beethoven's two most monumental works, “Solemn Mass” and Symphony 9 with choir.
Giulietta Guicciardi, to whom the composer dedicated the Moonlight Sonata, the Ninth Symphony was performed in 1824. The audience gave the composer a standing ovation. It is known that Beethoven stood with his back to the audience and did not hear anything, then one of the singers took his hand and turned him to face the audience. People waved scarves, hats, and hands, greeting the composer. The ovation lasted so long that the police officials present demanded it.
Works of 9 symphonies: 1 (), 2 (1803), 3 “Eroic” (), 4 (1806), 5 (), 6 “Pastoral” (1808), 7 (1812), 8 (1812), 9 (1824 ). 11 symphonic overtures, including Coriolanus, Egmont, Leonora 3. 5 piano concertos. 6 youth sonatas for piano. 32 piano sonatas, 32 variations and about 60 piano pieces. 10 sonatas for violin and piano. concerto for violin and orchestra, concerto for piano, violin and cello and orchestra (“triple concerto”). 5 sonatas for cello and piano. 16 string quartets. 6 trios. Ballet "Creations of Prometheus". Opera "Fidelio". Solemn Mass. Vocal cycle “To a distant beloved”. Songs based on poems by various poets, adaptations of folk songs.
The music of the period of classicism is usually called the development of European music in the period from approximately the second half of the 18th century to the first quarter of the 19th century.
The concept of classicism in music is strongly associated with the work of such composers and musicians as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, also called the Viennese classics, who defined further development music.
The very concept of “music of classicism” is not identical to the concept of “classical music”, which has more general meaning, denoting music from the past that has stood the test of time. Musical works of the era of classicism reflect and glorify the actions and actions of a person, the feelings and emotions he experiences, which are largely of a heroic nature (especially in Beethoven’s music).
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
V.A. Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and from early childhood studied music with his father, who was the conductor of the Imperial Chapel in Salzburg. When the boy was six years old, his father took him and his younger sister to Vienna to show gifted children in the capital; This was followed by concerts in almost all corners of Europe.
In 1779, Mozart entered the service as court organist in Salzburg. In 1781, having left his hometown, talented composer finally moved to Vienna, where he lived until the end of his life. The years that he spent in Vienna became the most fruitful in his creative path: in the period from 1782 to 1786, the composer composed most his concertos and works for piano, as well as dramatic compositions. He showed himself as an innovator already in his first opera, “The Abduction from the Seraglio,” in which for the first time the text was heard in German, and not in Italian(Italian is the traditional language in opera librettos). This was followed by “The Marriage of Figaro”, first presented at the Burgtheater, then “Don Giovanni” and “This is what all women do”, which gained enormous success.
Mozart's operas are a renewal and synthesis of previous forms and genres. In opera, Mozart gives primacy to music - the vocal element, symphony and ensemble of voices.
Mozart's genius manifested itself in other genres of music. He perfected the structure of the symphony, quintet, quartet, sonata, he is the creator classic shape concerto for solo instrument and orchestra. His everyday (entertaining) orchestral and ensemble music is elegant and original - divertissements, serenades, cassations, nocturnes, as well as marches and dances. The name Mozart has become the personification of creative genius, the highest musical talent, the unity of beauty and truth of life.
Luwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven is a famous German composer, who is rightly considered one of the greatest creators of all times. His work belongs to both the period of classicism and the period of romanticism. In reality, it can hardly be limited to similar definitions: Beethoven's works are, first of all, an expression of his genius talent.
Future genius composer born in December 1770 in Bonn. Exact date Beethoven's birth is not known, only the date of his baptism is established - December 17. The boy's abilities were noticeable already at the age of four. His father immediately saw this as a new source of income. One teacher replaced another, but among them there were rarely really good musicians.
The first concert took place in Cologne, where Ludwig, at the age of 8, was declared six years old for promotional purposes. But the performance did not bring the expected income. At the age of 12, he freely played the harpsichord, organ, violin, and easily read notes from a sheet. This is the year in my life young Beethoven A most important event occurs that significantly influenced his entire subsequent career and life: Christian Gottloba Nefe, the new director of the court chapel in Bonn, became Ludwig’s true teacher and mentor. Nefe was able to awaken in his student an interest in the works of J. S. Bach, Mozart, Handel, Haydn, and using the samples and lessons of keyboard music of F. E. Bach, Beethoven successfully comprehends the intricacies of modern piano style.
Over the years of hard work, Beethoven managed to become quite a prominent figure in the city. musical society. A young talented musician dreams of being recognized by great musicians and of studying with Mozart. Overcoming all sorts of obstacles, 17-year-old Ludwig comes to Vienna to meet Mozart. He succeeds, but the maestro at that time was completely absorbed in the creation of the opera "Don Juan" and the game young musician I listened rather absent-mindedly, expressing only modest praise at the end. Beethoven asked the maestro: “Give me a theme for improvisation,” - in those days the ability to improvise on given topic. Mozart played him two lines of polyphonic exposition. Ludwig was not at a loss and coped with the task remarkably well, impressing the famous composer with his abilities.
Beethoven's work is imbued with revolutionary heroism, pathos, lofty images and ideas, full of true drama and the greatest emotional strength and energy. “Through struggle - to victory” - such a basic idea, with convincing, all-conquering power, is imbued with his Third (“Heroic”) and Fifth symphonies. The tragic-optimistic Ninth Symphony can rightly be considered Beethoven’s artistic testament. The struggle for freedom, the unity of people, the belief in the victory of truth over evil are captured unusually expressively and vividly in the life-affirming, inviting finale - the ode “To Joy.” A true innovator, an unbending fighter, he boldly embodied new ideological concepts in remarkably simple, clear music that is understandable to the widest range of listeners. Epochs and generations change, and Beethoven’s unique immortal music continues to excite and delight the hearts of people.
“Music must strike fire from the human breast” - these are the words of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven, whose works belong to the highest achievements of musical culture.
Beethoven's worldview was formed under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the freedom-loving standards of the French Revolution. IN musically his work, on the one hand, continued the traditions Viennese classicism, on the other hand, captured the features of the new romantic art. From classicism in Beethoven's works there is sublimity of content, beautiful mastery of musical forms, and an appeal to the genres of symphony and sonata. From romanticism, bold experimentation in the field of these genres, enthusiasm for vocal and piano miniatures.
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Germany into the family of a court musician. He began studying music from early childhood under the direction of his father. But Beethoven’s real mentor was the composer, conductor and organist K.G. Nefe. From the age of eleven, Beethoven served as an assistant organist in the church, later as a court organist, and as an accompanist at the Bonn Opera House.
In 1792 Beethoven moved to Vienna. He took music lessons from greatest musicians that era. Hence the composer’s brilliant knowledge of musical forms, harmony and polyphony. Beethoven soon began giving concerts; became popular. He was recognized on the streets and invited to festive receptions in the homes of high-ranking persons. He invented a lot: he wrote sonatas, concertos for piano and orchestra, symphonies.
For a long time, no one realized that Beethoven was struck by a serious illness - he began to lose his hearing. Convinced of the incurability of the disease, the composer decided to die in 1802. prepared a will, where he explained the reasons for his own decision. But Beethoven was able to overcome despair and found the strength to continue writing music. The way out of the crisis was the Third (“Heroic”) Symphony.
In 1803-1808 the composer also worked on the creation of sonatas; in particular, the Ninth for violin and piano, it is dedicated to the Parisian violinist Rudolf Kreutzer, and therefore received the title “Kreutzer”; Twenty-third (“Appassionata”) for piano, Fifth and Sixth symphonies.
The sixth (“Pastoral”) symphony is subtitled “Memories of Rural Life.” This work depicts different states of the human soul, temporarily removed from internal experiences and struggles. The symphony conveys the feelings that arise from contact with the natural world and rural life. Its structure is unusual - five parts instead of four. The symphony contains elements of figurativeness and onomatopoeia (birds sing, thunder roars, etc.). Beethoven's discoveries were later used by many romantic composers.
The pinnacle of Beethoven's symphonic creativity was the Ninth Symphony. It was conceived back in 1812, but the composer worked on it from 1822 to 1823. The symphony is grand in scale; The finale is especially unusual, representing something like a large cantata for choir, soloists and orchestra, written to the text of the ode “To Joy” by J.F. Schiller.
In the first part, the music is cruel and dramatic: from the chaos of sounds, a precise and completely large-scale theme is born. The second part, a scherzo, is similar in character to the first. The third part, performed at a slow tempo, is the calm gaze of an enlightened soul. Twice the sounds of fanfares break into the leisurely flow of music. They remind you of thunderstorms and battles, but they are not able to change the general philosophical image. This music is the pinnacle of Beethoven's lyrics. The fourth part is the finale. The themes of the previous parts float before the listener as if the past were passing away. And here the topic of joy arises. The internal structure of the theme is amazing: trepidation and strict restraint, great inner strength, released in a grandiose hymn to goodness, truth and beauty.
The premiere of the symphony took place in 1825. at the Vienna Opera House. To implement the author's plan, a theater orchestra was not enough; amateurs had to be invited: twenty-four violins, ten violas, twelve cellos and double basses. For a Viennese classical orchestra, such a composition was unusually massive. In addition, any choral part (bass, tenor, alto and soprano) included twenty-four singers, which also exceeded the usual norms.
During Beethoven's lifetime, the Ninth Symphony remained incomprehensible to many; it was admired only by those who knew the composer closely, his students and music-enlightened listeners, but over time they began to include the symphony in their repertoire famous orchestras peace.
The works of the late period of the composer's work are characterized by restraint of feelings and philosophical depth, which distinguishes them from the passionate and dramatic early works. During his life, Beethoven wrote 9 symphonies, 32 sonatas, 16 string quartets, the opera Fidelio, Solemn Mass, 5 piano concertos and one for violin and orchestra, overtures, and individual pieces for various instruments.
Surprisingly, the composer wrote many of his works (including the Ninth Symphony) while already completely deaf. But also him latest works- piano sonatas and quartets - unsurpassed masterpieces of chamber music.
“Music should strike fire from the human breast” - these are the words of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven, whose works belong to the highest achievements of musical culture.
Beethoven's worldview was formed under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the freedom-loving ideals of the French Revolution. Musically, his work, on the one hand, continued the traditions of Viennese classicism, and on the other, captured the features of the new romantic art. From classicism in Beethoven's works there is sublimity of content, excellent mastery of musical forms, and an appeal to the genres of symphony and sonata. From romanticism, bold experimentation in the field of these genres, interest in vocal and piano miniatures.
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn (Germany) into the family of a court musician. He began studying music from early childhood under the guidance of his father. However, Beethoven's real mentor was the composer, conductor and organist K.G. Nefe. He taught the young musician the basics of composition and taught him to play the clavier and organ. From the age of eleven, Beethoven served as an assistant organist in the church, then as a court organist and accompanist at the Bonn Opera House. At the age of eighteen, he entered the University of Bonn at the Faculty of Philosophy, but did not graduate and subsequently did a lot of self-education.
In 1792 Beethoven moved to Vienna. He took music lessons from J. Haydn, I.G. Albrechtsberger, A. Salieri (the largest musicians of that era). Albrechtsberger introduced Beethoven to the works of Handel and Bach. Hence the composer’s brilliant knowledge of musical forms, harmony and polyphony.
Beethoven soon began giving concerts; became popular. He was recognized on the streets and invited to ceremonial receptions in the homes of high-ranking persons. He composed a lot: he wrote sonatas, concertos for piano and orchestra, symphonies.
For a long time, no one realized that Beethoven was struck by a serious illness - he began to lose his hearing. Convinced of the incurability of the disease, the composer decided to die in 1802. prepared a will, where he explained the reasons for his decision. However, Beethoven managed to overcome despair and found the strength to continue writing music. The way out of the crisis was the Third (“Heroic”) Symphony.
In 1803-1808 the composer also worked on the creation of sonatas; in particular, the Ninth for violin and piano (1803; dedicated to the Parisian violinist Rudolf Kreutzer, and therefore received the name “Kreutzer”), the Twenty-third (“Appassionata”) for piano, the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies (both 1808).
The sixth (“Pastoral”) symphony is subtitled “Memories of Rural Life.” This work depicts various states of the human soul, temporarily removed from internal experiences and struggles. The symphony conveys the feelings that arise from contact with the natural world and rural life. Its structure is unusual - five parts instead of four. The symphony contains elements of figurativeness and onomatopoeia (birds sing, thunder roars, etc.). Beethoven's findings were subsequently used by many romantic composers.
The pinnacle of Beethoven's symphonic creativity was the Ninth Symphony. It was conceived back in 1812, but the composer worked on it from 1822 to 1823. The symphony is grand in scale; The finale is especially unusual, representing something like a large cantata for choir, soloists and orchestra, written to the text of the ode “To Joy” by J.F. Schiller.
In the first part, the music is harsh and dramatic: from the chaos of sounds a clear and very large-scale theme is born. The second part, a scherzo, is similar in character to the first. The third part, performed at a slow tempo, is the calm gaze of an enlightened soul. Twice the sounds of fanfares break into the leisurely flow of music. They remind you of thunderstorms and battles, but they are not able to change the general philosophical image. This music is the pinnacle of Beethoven's lyrics. The fourth part is the finale. The themes of the previous parts float before the listener like a fading past. And here comes the theme of joy. The internal structure of the theme is amazing: trembling and strict restraint, enormous inner strength, released in a grandiose hymn to goodness, truth and beauty.
The premiere of the symphony took place in 1825. at the Vienna Opera House. To implement the author's plan, the theater orchestra was not enough; amateurs had to be invited: twenty-four violins, ten violas, twelve cellos and double basses. For a Viennese classical orchestra, such a composition was unusually powerful. In addition, each choral part (bass, tenor, alto and soprano) included twenty-four singers, which also exceeded the usual norms.
During Beethoven's lifetime, the Ninth Symphony remained incomprehensible to many; it was admired only by those who knew the composer closely, his students and music-enlightened listeners. Over time, the best orchestras in the world began to include the symphony in their repertoire, and it found a new life.
The works of the late period of the composer's work are characterized by restraint of feelings and philosophical depth, which distinguishes them from the passionate and dramatic early works. During his life, Beethoven wrote 9 symphonies, 32 sonatas, 16 string quartets, the opera Fidelio, Solemn Mass, 5 piano concertos and one for violin and orchestra, overtures, and separate pieces for different instruments.
Surprisingly, the composer wrote many of his works (including the Ninth Symphony) while already completely deaf. However, his latest works - piano sonatas and quartets - are unsurpassed masterpieces of chamber music.
Conclusion
So, art style classicism arose in XVII century in France, based on ideas about the regularity and rationality of the world order. The masters of this style strove for clear and strict forms, harmonious patterns, the embodiment of high moral ideals. They considered works of ancient art to be the highest, unsurpassed examples of artistic creativity, so they developed ancient subjects and images.
The pinnacle in the development of musical classicism was the work of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, who worked mainly in Vienna and formed a direction in the musical culture of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries - the Viennese classical school. Note that classicism in music is in many ways different from classicism in literature, theater or painting. In music it is impossible to rely on ancient traditions, since they are almost unknown. In addition, the content of musical compositions is often associated with the world of human feelings, which are not subject to the strict control of the mind. However, the composers of the Viennese classical school created a very harmonious and logical system of rules for constructing a work. Thanks to such a system, the most complex feelings were clothed in a clear and perfect form. Suffering and joy became for the composer a subject of reflection, rather than experience. And if in other types of art the laws of classicism already at the beginning of the 19th century. seemed outdated to many, then in music the system of genres, forms and rules of harmony developed by the Viennese school retains its significance to this day.
Let us note once again that the art of the Viennese classics is of great value and artistic significance for us.
List of used literature
1. Alshvang A.A. Ludwig van Beethoven. Essay on life and creativity. – M.: Soviet Composer, 1971. – 558 p.
2. Bach. Mozart. Beethoven. Meyerbeer. Chopin. Schumann. Wagner / Comp. "LIO Editor". – St. Petersburg: “LIO Editor” and others, 1998. – 576 p.
3. Velikovich E. Great musical names: Biographies. Materials and documents. Stories about composers. – St. Petersburg: Composer, 2000. – 192 p.
4. Musical encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. G.V. Keldysh. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. – 672 p.
5. Osenneva M.S., Bezdorodova L.A. Methods of musical education of junior schoolchildren: Textbook. aid for students beginning fak. pedagogical universities. – M.: “Academy”, 2001. – 368 p.
6. I explore the world: Det. encycl.: Music / Author. A.S. Klenov. Under general ed. O.G. Hinn. – M.: AST-LTD, 1997. – 448 p.
Yasakova Ekaterina, 10th grade student of MOAU "Gymnasium No. 2 in Orsk"
The relevance of the research topic “Romantic features in the works of Ludwig van Beethoven” is due to the insufficient development of this topic in art history. Traditionally, Beethoven’s work is associated with the Vienna Classical School, however, the works of the mature and late period of the composer’s work bear the features romantic style, which is not sufficiently covered in the musical literature. Scientific novelty research is characterized by a new look at later creativity Beethoven and his role in the development of Romanticism in music.
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I. Introduction
Relevance
A representative of the Viennese classical school, Ludwig Van Beethoven, following J. Haydn and W. A. Mozart, developed forms of classical music that made it possible to reflect various phenomena of reality in their development. But upon careful examination of the work of these three brilliant contemporaries, one can notice that the optimism, cheerfulness, and bright beginning inherent in most of the works of Haydn and Mozart are not characteristic of Beethoven’s work.
One of the typically Beethovenian themes, especially deeply developed by the composer, is the duel between man and fate. Beethoven's life was darkened by poverty and illness, but the spirit of the titan was not broken. “Grab fate by the throat” - this is his constantly repeated motto. Do not resign yourself, do not succumb to the temptation of consolation, but fight and win. From darkness to light, from evil to good, from slavery to freedom - this is the path taken by Beethoven's hero, a citizen of the world.
Victory over fate in Beethoven's works is achieved at a high price - superficial optimism is alien to Beethoven, his life affirmation is suffered and won.
Hence the special emotional structure of his works, the depth of feelings, and acute psychological conflict. The main ideological motive of Beethoven's work is the theme of the heroic struggle for freedom. The world of images of Beethoven's works, bright musical language, innovation allow us to conclude that Beethoven belongs to two stylistic movements in art - classicism in his early work and romanticism in his mature work.
But despite this traditionally creativity Beethoven is associated with the Viennese classical school, and the romantic features in his later works are not sufficiently covered in the musical literature.
The study of this problem will help to better understand Beethoven’s worldview and the ideas of his works, which is an indispensable condition for understanding the composer’s music and cultivating a love for it.
Research objectives:
Reveal the essence of romantic traits in the works of Ludwig van Beethoven.
Popularization of classical music.
Tasks:
Explore the work of Ludwig van Beethoven.
Conduct a stylistic analysis of sonata No. 14
And the Finale of Symphony No. 9.
Identify signs of the composer’s romantic worldview.
Object of study:
Music by L. Beethoven.
Subject of study:
Romantic features in the music of L. Beethoven.
Methods:
Comparative and comparative (classical and romantic features):
A) works by Haydn, Mozart - L. Beethoven
B) works by F. Schubert, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, R. Wagner,
I. Brahms - L. Beethoven.
2. Study the material.
3. Intonation and style analysis of works.
II. Main part.
Introduction.
More than 200 years have passed since the birth of Ludwig van Beethoven, but his music lives on and excites millions of people, as if it were written by our contemporary.
Anyone who is at least a little familiar with Beethoven’s life cannot help but fall in love with this man, this heroic personality, and admire his life’s feat.
He carried the high ideals he sang in his work throughout his entire life. Beethoven's life is an example of courage and stubborn struggle against obstacles and misfortunes that would be insurmountable for another. Throughout his life he carried the ideals of his youth - the ideals of freedom, equality, brotherhood.He created a heroic-dramatic type of symphony.In music, his worldview was formed under the influence of the freedom-loving ideas of the Great french revolution, echoes of which penetrate many of the composer’s works.
Beethoven's style is characterized by the scope and intensity of motivic work, the scale of sonata development, and vivid thematic, dynamic, tempo, and register contrasts. The poetry of spring and youth, the joy of life, its eternal movement - this is how the complex appears poetic images in Beethoven's later works.Beethoven develops his own style, emerging as a bright and extraordinary innovative composer who strives to invent and create something new, and not repeat what has already been written before him. Style is the unity and harmony of all elements of a work; it characterizes not so much the work itself as the personality of the author. Beethoven had all this in abundance.
Unyielding in defending his convictions, both artistic and political, without bending his back to anyone, with his head held high, he walked his life’s path great composer Ludwig van Beethoven.
Beethoven's work opens a new, 19th century. Never resting on his laurels, striving forward to new discoveries, Beethoven was far ahead of his time. His music has been and will be a source of inspiration for many generations.
Beethoven's musical heritage is surprisingly diverse. He created 9 symphonies, 32 sonatas for piano, violin and cello, a symphonic overture to Goethe’s drama “Egmont”, 16 string quartets, 5 concerts with orchestra, “Solemn Mass”, cantatas, the opera “Fidelio”, romances, arrangements of folk songs ( there are about 160 of them, including Russians).
Study.
In the musical literature and various reference books and dictionaries, Beethoven is presented as a Viennese classic and nowhere is it mentioned that Beethoven’s later work bears the features of a romantic style. Let's give an example:
1. Electronic encyclopedia"Cyril and Methodius"
Beethoven Ludwig van (baptized December 17, 1770, Bonn - March 26, 1827, Vienna), German composer,representative of the Viennese classicalschools. He created a heroic-dramatic type of symphony (3rd “Heroic”, 1804, 5th, 1808, 9th, 1823, symphonies; opera “Fidelio”, final version 1814; overtures “Coriolanus”, 1807, “Egmont”, 1810; row instrumental ensembles, sonatas, concerts). Complete deafness, which befell Beethoven in the middle of his creative journey, did not break his will. Later works are distinguished by their philosophical character. 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos; 16 string quartets and other ensembles; instrumental sonatas, including 32 for piano (among them “Pathetique”, 1798, “Moonlight”, 1801, “Appassionata”, 1805), 10 for violin and piano; "Solemn Mass" (1823).
2. Musical encyclopedic dictionary.Moscow. "Music" 1990
BEETHOVEN Ludwig van (1770-1827) - German. composer, pianist, conductor. Original music He received his education from his father, a singer of the Bonn Pridv. chapel, and his colleagues. Since 1780, a student of K. G. Nefe, who raised B. in the spirit of German. enlightenment.
The formation of B.'s worldview was greatly influenced by the events of the Great French. revolution; his work is closely connected with modern. him art, literature, philosophy, the arts, the heritage of the past (Homer, Plutarch, W. Shakespeare, J. J. Rousseau, I. W. Goethe, I. Kant, F. Schiller). Basic the ideological motive of B.'s creativity is the heroic theme. struggle for freedom, embodied with particular force in the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th symphonies, in the opera “Fidelio”, in the “Egmont” overture, in f. sonata No. 23 (so-called Arra8$yupa1a), etc.
Representative of the Viennese classic. school, B., following I. Haydn and W. A. Mozart, developed classical forms. music, allowing to reflect various phenomena of reality in their development. Sonata-symphony The cycle was expanded, filled with new drama and content. In the interpretation of Ch. and side parties and their relationship, B. put forward the principle of contrast as an expression of the unity of opposites.
3. I. Prokhorova. Musical literature foreign countries.Moscow. "Music". 1988
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770 – 1827). More than two hundred years have passed since the great German composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born. The mighty flowering of Beethoven's genius coincided with beginning of the 19th century centuries.
In Beethoven's work, classical music reached its peak. And not only because Beethoven was able to absorb the best of what had already been achieved. Contemporary of the events of the French Revolution late XVIII century, which proclaimed freedom, equality and brotherhood of people, Beethoven was able to show in his music that the creator of these transformations is the people. For the first time in music the heroic aspirations of the people were expressed with such force.
As we can see, nowhere is there any mention of the romantic features of Beethoven’s work. However, the figurative structure, lyricism, and new forms of works allow us to speak of Beethoven as a romantic. To identify the romantic features in Beethoven’s works, we will conduct a comparative analysis of the sonatas of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. To do this, you need to find out what a classical sonata is.. What is the difference between “ Moonlight Sonata"from the sonatas of Haydn and Mozart? But first, let's define Classicism.
CLASSICISM, one of the most important art movements of the past, an artistic style based onnormative aesthetics, requiring strict adherence to a number of rules, canons, unities.The rules of classicism are of paramount importance as means to ensure the main goal - to enlighten and instruct the public, turning it to sublime examples. Piece of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself.
Now let's look at the structure of a classical sonata. The development of the classical sonata has come a long way. In the works of Haydn and Mozart, the structure of the sonata-symphonic cycle was finally perfected. A stable number of parts was determined (three in a sonata, four in a symphony).
The structure of a classical sonata.
First part of the cycle– usually Allegro - expression of the inconsistency of life phenomena. It is writtenV sonata form. The basis of the sonata form is the comparison or opposition of two musical spheres, expressed by the main and secondary parts. Leading value assigned to the main party.The first part consists of three sections: exposition – development – reprise.
Second, slow partsonata-symphonic cycle ( usually Andante, Adagio, Largo) - contrasts with the first part. It reveals the world of a person’s inner life, or the world of nature, genre scenes.
Minuet – third movementfour-part cycle (symphonies, quartets) - associated with the everyday manifestation of life, with the expression of collective feelings (dance that unites a common mood large groups of people).The form is always complex three-part.
The finale is not only the last, but the final part of the cycle. It has commonality with other parts. But there are features inherent only in the finale - many episodes in which the entire orchestra participates, as a rule, written in the form of a rondo (multiple repetition of the main idea - the refrain - creates the impression of completeness of the statement). Sometimes sonata form is used for finales.
Let's look at the structure of sonatas by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven:
Haydn. Sonata in E minor.
Presto. . It has two contrasting themes. main topic excited, restless. The side batch is calmer and lighter.
Andante . The second part is light, calm, like thinking about something good.
Allegro assai. The third part. The character is graceful and dancing. The construction is close to the rondo form.
Mozart. Sonata in C minor.
The sonata consists of three movements.
Molto Allegro. The first movement is written in the form of a sonata allegro. It has two contrasting themes.The main theme is harsh, strict, and the side part is melodious and tender.
Adagio. The second part is imbued with a bright feeling of a song nature.
Allegro assai. The third movement is written in the form of a rondo. The character is anxious and tense.
The main principle of the structure of the classical sonata was the presence in the first part of two different themes (images) that enter into dramatic relationships as they develop.This is what we saw in the sonatas of Haydn and Mozart under consideration. The first part of these sonatas is written in the form sonata allegro: There are two themes - the main and secondary pariahs, as well as three sections - exposition, development and reprise.
The first movement of the “Moonlight Sonata” does not fall under these structural features that make an instrumental piece a sonata. In itthere are no two disparate themes that conflict with each other.
"Moonlight Sonata"- a work in which Beethoven's life, creativity, and pianistic genius merged together to create a work of amazing perfection.
The first part is in slow motion, in free form fantasies. This is how Beethoven explained the work - Quasi una Fantasia -like fantasy, without the rigid limiting framework dictated by strict classical forms.
Tenderness, sadness, reflection. Confession of a suffering person. In the music, which seems to be born and develops before the listener’s eyes, three lines are immediately discernible: a descending deep bass, a measured rocking movement of the middle voice, and a pleading melody that appears after a short introduction. She sounds passionately, persistently, tries to reach the light registers but, in the end, falls into the abyss, and then the bass sadly ends the movement. No exit. All around is the peace of hopeless despair.
But it only seems so.
Allegretto – second movement of the sonata,called by Beethoven a neutral word Allegretto, in no way explaining the nature of the music: Italian term Allegretto means the pace of movement is moderately fast.
What is this lyric piece that Franz Liszt called “a flower between two abysses”? This question still worries musicians. Some people think Allegretto a musical portrait of Juliet, others generally refrain from figurative explanations of the mysterious part.
As it were, Allegretto with its emphasized simplicity it presents the greatest difficulties for performers. There is no certainty of feeling here. Intonations can be interpreted from completely unpretentious grace to noticeable humor. Music evokes pictures of nature. Perhaps this is a memory of the banks of the Rhine or the suburbs of Vienna, folk festivals.
Presto agitato – finale of the sonata , at the beginning of which Beethoven immediately very clearly, although succinctly, indicates the tempo and character - “very quickly, excitedly” - sounds like a storm, sweeping everything out of the way. You immediately hear four waves of sounds rolling in with enormous pressure. Each wave ends with two sharp blows - the elements are raging. But here comes the second topic. Her upper voice is wide and melodious: she complains, protests. The state of extreme excitement is maintained thanks to the accompaniment - in the same movement as during stormy beginning finals. It is this second theme that develops further, although the general mood does not change: anxiety, anxiety, tension remain throughout the entire part. Only some shades of mood change. Sometimes it seems that complete exhaustion sets in, but the person rises again to overcome suffering. Like the apotheosis of the entire sonata, the coda grows - the final part of the finale.
Thus, we see that in the classical sonata of Haydn and Mozart there is a strictly consistent three-part cycle with a typical sequence of parts. Beethoven changed the established tradition:
Composer | Work | First part | Second part | The third part |
Haydn | Sonata E minor | Presto | Andante | Allegro assai |
Conclusion:
The first part of the “Moonlight” sonata was not written according to the canons of the classical sonata, it was written in free form. Instead of the generally accepted sonata Allegro - Quasi una Fantasia - like a fantasy. In the first partthere are no two different themes (images) that enter into dramatic relationships as they develop.
Thus, The Moonlight Sonata is a romantic variation of the classical form.This was expressed in the rearrangement of parts of the cycle (the first part is Adagio, not in the form sonata Allegro), and in the figurative structure of the sonata.
Birth of the "Moonlight Sonata".
Beethoven dedicated the sonata to Giulietta Guicciardi.
The majestic calm and bright sadness of the first part of the sonata may well recall night dreams, darkness and loneliness, which evoke thoughts of the dark sky, bright stars and the mysterious light of the moon. The fourteenth sonata owes its name to the slow first movement: after the composer’s death, a comparison of this music with moonlit night came to the mind of the romantic poet Ludwig Relstab.
Who was Giulietta Guicciardi?
At the end of 1800, Beethoven lived with the Brunswick family. At the same time, Giulietta Guicciardi, a relative of the Brunswicks, came to this family from Italy. She was sixteen years old. She loved music, played the piano well, and began taking lessons from Beethoven, easily accepting his instructions. What attracted Beethoven to her character was her cheerfulness, sociability, and good nature. Was she as Beethoven imagined her?
On long painful nights, when the noise in his ears did not allow him to sleep, he dreamed: after all, there must be a person who will help him, become infinitely close, and brighten up his loneliness! Despite the misfortunes that befell him, Beethoven saw the best in people, forgiving weaknesses: music strengthened his kindness.
Probably, for some time he did not notice frivolity in Juliet, considering her worthy of love, mistaking the beauty of her face for the beauty of her soul. The image of Juliet embodied the ideal of a woman that he had developed since Bonn times: the patient love of a mother. Enthusiastic and inclined to exaggerate the merits of people, Beethoven fell in love with Giulietta Guicciardi.
The pipe dreams didn't last long. Beethoven probably understood the futility of hoping for happiness.
Beethoven had to give up hopes and dreams before. But this time the tragedy became especially deep. Beethoven was thirty years old. Only creativity could restore the composer's self-confidence.After Juliet's betrayal, who chose the mediocre composer Count Gallenberg over him, Beethoven went to the estate of his friend Maria Erdedi. He was looking for solitude. For three days he wandered through the forest without returning home. He was found in a remote thicket, exhausted from hunger.
No one heard a single complaint. Beethoven had no need for words. The music said it all.
According to legend, Beethoven wrote the “Moonlight Sonata” in the summer of 1801, in Korompa, in the gazebo of the park of the Brunswick estate, and therefore the sonata during Beethoven’s lifetime was sometimes called the “Gazebo Sonata”.
The secret of the popularity of the “Moonlight” Sonata, in our opinion, is that the music is so beautiful and lyrical that it touches the listener’s soul, makes him sympathize, empathize, and remember his innermost.
Beethoven's innovation in the field of symphony
Symphony (from Greek symphony - consonance), musical composition For symphony orchestra written in sonata cyclic form the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. Classic type The symphony took shape at the end. 18 - beginning 19th centuries (J. Haydn, W. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven). Among romantic composers, lyric symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn) and program symphonies (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt) became of great importance.
Structure. Due to the similarity in structure withsonata, The sonata and symphony are combined under the general name "sonata-symphonic cycle". A classical symphony (as represented in the works of the Viennese classics - Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) usually has four movements. The 1st movement, at a fast tempo, is written in sonata form; The 2nd, in slow movement, is written in the form of variations, rondo, rondo sonata, complex three-movement, less often in the form of a sonata; 3rd - scherzo or minuet - in three-part form da capo with trio (that is, according to the A-trio-A scheme); 4th movement, at a fast tempo - in sonata form, in the form of a rondo or rondo sonata.
Not only in the Moonlight Sonata, but also in the Ninth Symphony, Beethoven acted as an innovator. In a bright and inspired Finale, he synthesized a symphony and an oratorio (synthesis is a combination different types arts or genres). Although the Ninth Symphony is far from Beethoven’s last creation, it was the work that completed the composer’s long-term ideological and artistic quest. Found in it supreme expression Beethoven's ideas of democracy and heroic struggle, it embodies new principles of symphonic thinking with incomparable perfection. The ideological concept of the symphony led to a fundamental change in the very genre of the symphony and its dramaturgy. Beethoven introduces the word, the sound of human voices, into the realm of purely instrumental music. This invention of Beethoven was used more than once by composers of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Ninth Symphony. The final.
Recognition of Beethoven's genius last decade his life was pan-European. In England, his portrait could be seen on every corner, the Academy of Music made him an honorary member, many composers dreamed of meeting him, Schubert, Weber, and Rossini bowed before him. Exactly It was then that the Ninth Symphony was written - the crown of Beethoven's entire work. The depth and significance of the concept required an unusual composition for this symphony; in addition to the orchestra, the composer introduced solo singers and a choir. And in his declining days, Beethoven remained faithful to the precepts of his youth. At the end of the symphony, words from the poet Schiller’s poem “To Joy” are heard:
Joy, flame of young life!
New bright days are a guarantee.
Hug, millions
Merge in the joy of one
There, above the starry land, -
God, transubstantiated in love!
The majestic, powerful music of the symphony’s finale, reminiscent of a hymn, calls on the peoples of the whole world to unity, happiness and joy.
Created in 1824, the Ninth Symphony still sounds today as a masterpiece of world art. She embodied the undying ideals to which humanity has strived for centuries through suffering - to joy, the unity of people all over the world. It is not for nothing that the Ninth Symphony is performed every time at the opening of a UN session.
This peak is the last flight of a brilliant thought. The illness and need became stronger and stronger. But Beethoven continued to work.
One of Beethoven’s most daring experiments in updating the form is the huge choral finale of the Ninth Symphony based on the text of F. Schiller’s ode “To Joy”.
Here, for the first time in the history of music, Beethovencarried out a synthesis of symphonic and oratorio genres. The genre of the symphony itself has changed fundamentally. Beethoven introduces the word into instrumental music.
The development of the main image of the symphony goes from the menacing and inexorable tragic theme of the first movement to the theme of bright joy in the finale.
The organization of the symphonic cycle itself has also changed.Beethoven subordinates the usual principle of contrast to the idea of continuous imaginative development, hence the non-standard alternation of movements: first there are two fast movements, where the drama of the symphony is concentrated, and the slow third movement prepares the finale - the result of the most complex processes.
Beethoven's idea for this symphony was born a long time ago, back in 1793. Then this plan was not realized due to Beethoven’s limited life and creative experience. It was necessary for thirty years to pass (the whole life) and it was necessary to become truly great and even the greatest master so that the words of the poet -
"Hug, millions,
Come together in a kiss, light!” - sounded in the music.
The first performance of the Ninth Symphony in Vienna on May 7, 1824 turned into the composer's greatest triumph. There was a fight at the entrance to the hall over tickets - the number of people wanting to go to the concert was so great. At the end of the performance, one of the singers took Beethoven by the hand and led him onto the stage so that he could see the crowded hall, everyone applauded and threw their hats.
The Ninth Symphony is one of the most outstanding creations in the history of world musical culture. By the greatness of the idea, by the breadth of the concept and powerful dynamics musical images The Ninth Symphony surpasses everything created by Beethoven himself.
On the very day when your harmonies
Overcame the difficult world of work,
The light overpowered the light, a cloud passed through the cloud,
Thunder moved on thunder, a star entered the star.
And, furiously overwhelmed by inspiration,
In the orchestras of thunderstorms and the thrill of thunder,
You climbed the cloudy steps
And touched the music of the worlds.
(Nikolai Zabolotsky)
Common features in the works of Beethoven and Romantic composers.
Romanticism - ideological and artistic direction in European and American spiritual culture of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. Affirmation of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, depiction of strong passions, spiritualized and healing nature. . If the Enlightenment is characterized by the cult of reason and civilization based on its principles, then romanticism affirms the cultnature, feelings and the natural in man.
In music, the direction of romanticism emerged in the 1820s; its development took the entire 19th century. Romantic composers tried to use musical means express the depth and richness of a person’s inner world. The music becomes more prominent and individual. Song genres are being developed, including ballads.
Romantic music differs from the music of the Viennese classical school. It reflects reality through a person’s personal experiences. Main feature Romanticism is an interest in the life of the human soul, the transmission of various feelings and moods. Special attention romantics showed up to peace of mind person, which entailed an increase in the role of lyrics.
Depiction of strong experiences, heroics of protest or national liberation struggle, interest in folk life, folk tales and songs, national culture, historical past, love of nature are the distinctive features of creativity prominent representatives national romantic schools. Many Romantic composers sought a synthesis of the arts, especially music and literature. Therefore, the genre of the song cycle takes shape and flourishes (“The Beautiful Miller’s Wife” and “ winter journey"Schubert, "Love and Life of a Woman" and "The Love of a Poet" by Schumann, etc.).
The desire of advanced romantics for concrete figurative expression leads to the approval of programmaticity as one of the brightest features musical romanticism. These character traits Romanticism also manifested itself in Beethoven’s work: glorification of the beauty of nature (“Pastoral Symphony”), tender feelings and experiences (“Fur Elise”), ideas of the struggle for independence (“Egmont Overture”), interest in folk music(arrangements of folk songs), updating the sonata form, synthesis of symphonic and oratorio genres (the Ninth Symphony served as a model for artists of the Romantic era, passionate about the idea synthetic art, capable of transforming human nature and spiritually uniting masses of people), a lyrical song cycle (“To a distant beloved”).
Based on the analysis of the works of Beethoven and romantic composers, we have compiled a table demonstrating the common features in their work.
Common features in the works of Beethoven and Romantic composers:
Conclusion :
Having compared the work of Beethoven and the work of romantic composers, we saw that Beethoven’s music both in its figurative structure (increased role of lyrics, attention to the spiritual world of man) and in form (in Schubert’s “Unfinished” symphony there are two parts, instead of four, i.e. deviation from the classical form), and by genre ( program symphonies and overtures, song cycles, like Schubert’s), and in character (excitement, sublimity), it is close to the music of romantic composers.
III. Conclusion.
Studying Beethoven's work, we came to the conclusion that he combined two styles - classicism and romanticism. In the symphonies - “Eroica”, the famous “Fifth Symphony” and others (with the exception of the “Ninth Symphony”) the structure is strictly classical, as well as in many sonatas. And at the same time, such sonatas as “Appassionata” and “Pathetique” are very inspired, sublime, and a romantic beginning is already felt in them. Heroism and lyrics - here figurative world works of Beethoven.
A strong personality throughout, Beethoven managed to break out of the shackles of the strict rules and canons of classicism. Unconventional form in the last sonatas, quartets, creation of a fundamentally new genre of symphony, appeal to inner world person, overcoming the canons of classical form, interest in folk art, attention to the inner world of a person, lyrical beginning, figurative structure of works - all these are signs of the composer’s romantic worldview. His beautiful melodies "Fur Elise", Adagio from the "Pathétique" Sonata, Adagio from the "Moonlight" Sonata were included in the audio collection "Romantic ringtones XX century " This once again confirms that listeners perceive Beethoven’s music as romantic. And this is also confirmation that Beethoven’s music has always been and will be modern for any generation. In our opinion, it is Beethoven, and not Schubert, who is the first romantic composer.
Beethoven is one of the most outstanding composers in the world musical culture. His music is eternal because it excites listeners, helps them to be strong and not give up in the face of difficulties. Listening to Beethoven's music, you cannot remain indifferent to it, because it is very beautiful and inspired. MUSIC made Beethoven immortal. I admire the strength and courage of this great man. I admire Beethoven's music and love it very much!
He wrote as if at night
I caught lightning and clouds with my hands,
And turned the world's prisons into ashes
In a single moment with a mighty effort.
K. Kumov
Bibliography
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Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Musical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow. "Music", 1990
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Materials from the sitehttp://www.maykapar.ru/
Musical works
I.Haydn. Sonata in E minor. Symphony No. 101
V.A. Mozart. Sonata in C minor. Symphony No. 40
L. Beethoven. Symphonies No. 6, No. 5, No. 9. “Egmont” Overture. Sonatas “Appassionata”, “Pathétique”, “Lunar”. The play "Für Eliza".
F. Schubert. Song cycle"The beautiful miller's wife." The play "Musical Moment".
F. Schubert. "Unfinished Symphony"
F. Chopin. “Revolutionary Etude”, Prelude No. 4, Waltzes.
F.List. "Dreams of Love" "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2".
R. Wagner. "Ride of the Valkyries."
I. Brahms. "Hungarian Dance No. 5".