In the process of studying the cosmic bodies of our Universe, scientists are discovering more and more amazing facts. Today we will find out which is the hottest planet in the solar system and learn about the existence of a planet that is hotter than the Sun.
Space baby Mercury
Previously it was believed that the hottest planet in our solar system is Mercury. Indeed, it is located closer than the other planets to the Sun, and therefore, scientists logically believed, it heats up more than the others from such proximity. The temperature of Mercury is indeed higher than in the hottest spots of our Earth. At noon, its temperature reaches +350°C, and as the planet moves away from the Sun, it drops to +280°C. The maximum temperature on Mercury rises to 426°C and drops to -173°C. Such vibrations are associated with slow axial rotation.
At the same time, scientists are still trying to answer the seemingly absurd question of whether there could be ice on Mercury. At first glance, it seems that this cannot be. But when studying the surface of the planet, it turned out that some parts of it reflect radio waves more strongly than others. Moreover, these areas are located only in the polar regions of Mercury. However, it is too early to talk about the presence of ice on the planet, because radio waves also reflect rocks, which contain a compound of metals with sulfur.
So, after all, Mercury? But research has refuted this fact.
Venus is the hottest planet
As it turned out during more thorough research, the hottest planet in the solar system is Venus. This golden beauty was observed thousands of years ago, because thanks to its brightness it is clearly visible from Earth, but only in 2006 they began to study it in detail using more modern technology. The Venus Express device remained in orbit of the planet until 2015, although it was initially sent for only 500 days.
Interesting fact! Only 3 planets have above-zero temperatures in our solar system - Venus, Mercury and Earth. The average temperature of the latter is +15°C. All other planets have sub-zero temperatures. At Neptune (now the last official planet of our solar system) it is -200°C.
In honor of the goddess of beauty
Venus is the second planet of the solar system. It was not by chance that she was named after the goddess of love and beauty. The fact is that even in ancient Rome, when people knew only four planets, they noticed the degree of brightness and visibility of Venus. This is what played a role in its name.
For some time, people were sure that Venus and Earth were twin planets. Indeed, they have similar mass and volume, but this is where scientists later proved that the similarity ends. Thus, there are differences in the atmosphere, rotation speed, and surface temperature.
Interesting fact! Venus is a solitary planet; it has no satellites.
In the middle of the 20th century, scientists still held out hope that there might be life on Venus, covered with incredible clouds. But research has proven the opposite - the conditions on its surface are too harsh for living organisms.
Temperature of Venus
The average temperature of Venus is 462°C. This temperature is enough for lead to begin to melt. In addition, Venus, unlike Mercury, maintains a high temperature constantly. What is this connected with?
It's all about the atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus consists primarily of carbon dioxide, which makes it very dense. It creates a vacuum with a greenhouse effect around the planet, which significantly increases the temperature of the hottest planet in the solar system.
When the Sun was less bright than it is today, there was liquid water on the surface of Venus. However, as the Sun's brightness increased over a million years, it all dissipated into space. Gradually, the surface temperature increased, carbon dioxide was released from the rocks. Solar radiation was absorbed by the planet. And as a result, overheating occurred.
On Venus the pressure is 92 times higher than on Earth. Back in the USSR, attempts to explore the surface of the planet were very difficult. Only on the 13th attempt were they able to land ships on Venus, which took a color photograph of its crust from close range.
Interesting fact! Planet Gliese 436 is almost completely covered in ice, but its temperature is +300°C! Water does not evaporate only due to the powerful force of gravity, which keeps the ice solid.
The hottest planet in the Universe
The Universe, mysterious and vast, is expanding its borders more and more. And at a much higher speed than scientists had previously assumed. It is likely that the dark energy that dark matter must contain has begun to increase. However, this is not the only thing that worries scientists.
In the summer of 2017, an article entitled “Hell in reality” was published. A very apt title for an article describing the hottest planet in the Universe. Or rather, exoplanets. This is the name given to cosmic bodies located outside the solar system. Currently, more than 3,000 exoplanets are known.
And one of them is the hottest planet in the solar system - KELT-9b. This is an exoplanet orbiting the star KELT-9. It is located in the constellation Cygnus, at a distance of 650 light years from our Earth. The planet was discovered in 2014, but for 3 years scientists were in no hurry to publish this news, as they were busy studying the new cosmic body. And this year most of the information has finally been collected.
The famous exoplanet KELT-9b
The discovery of this planet belongs to scientists from Ohio State University. Often modern technology works to the limit to detect a celestial body outside the solar system. This task is made more difficult by the fact that planets are much dimmer than stars.
KELT-9b, like our Moon, is turned to its star with only one side. It completes a full revolution around it in two Earth days.
What is unique about planet KELT-9b?
KELT-9b's temperature is 4600 Kelvin, which is higher than the outer layers of the Sun. The temperature of the photosphere of our heavenly body is 5800 Kelvin.
In all likelihood, the side of the planet facing the star is surrounded by rarefied atoms, which, due to the high temperature, cannot combine into molecules. In addition, a hot “tail” trails behind it, like a comet. And since the molecules disintegrate on one side, then on the other, less hot, all the heavy metals present in the composition of the KELT-9b surface are concentrated.
If we were to see KELT-9b from Earth with the naked eye, it would appear slightly dimmer and darker than the Sun. At night, the planet would remind us of a red dwarf (red dwarfs are a type of star; their number predominates in the known Universe).
It is noteworthy that KELT-9b is a very large exoplanet. Its mass is almost 3 times that of Jupiter, and 13 times that of the Sun. Its volume exceeds the volume of Jupiter by more than 7 times. Moreover, its density is significantly lower in comparison with the density of the largest planet in the solar system, since due to its high temperature it is in a rarefied state.
a > > The hottest planet in the solar system
The hottest planet in the solar system- Venus. Interesting facts about the planet, its temperature, description of the surface with photos and why Mercury heats up less.
The Earth ranks third in terms of proximity to the Sun. We are lucky to have the atmosphere and favorable climatic conditions. Of course, in some parts it is quite hot, but there are planets that have to endure simply hellish conditions. What is the hottest planet in the solar system?
Which planet is the hottest in the solar system?
It immediately seems that this is Mercury. After all, the planet follows an orbital path with an average distance of 58 million km from the Sun and is considered the first planet in the solar system. But its route is so unusual, and its axial rotation is slow, that the surface warms up to 426°C or freezes to -173°C.
Yes, it can be hot here, but Venus will easily snatch victory.
Venus is in second place in terms of distance from the Sun, and is 108 million km away. But its average temperature is 462°C. This is enough for the lead to start the melting process. But the difference from Mercury is that here, at any point, a single temperature indicator is maintained every day and night.
How does she manage to do this? It's all about the atmosphere. On Mercury it is just a thin layer. But on Venus it consists of a dense ball of CO 2, which creates a kind of thermal trap.
Let's take a look at Earth. When you are at sea level, you feel the weight of pressure. But on Venus it would increase 92 times! Radiation is absorbed by the planet and a greenhouse effect is formed.
It seems that in such conditions it is impossible to conduct reconnaissance. But the USSR succeeded. The Soviets sent several Venus ships, which were lowered to the surface by parachute. Of course, the first attempts were unsuccessful and the devices immediately failed.
The 13th attempt was successful and the mechanism stayed on the surface for a full 127 minutes, sending color images of the environment.
So the most hellish conditions are established on Venus and it is considered the hottest planet in the solar system. Not only is the position important, but also a warm blanket of carbon dioxide that does not release heat.
The science
We all know from childhood that at the center of our solar system is the Sun, around which the four closest terrestrial planets revolve, including Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are followed by four gas giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
After Pluto ceased to be considered a planet in the solar system in 2006 and became a dwarf planet, the number of main planets was reduced to 8.
Although many people know the general structure, there are many myths and misconceptions regarding the solar system.
Here are 10 facts you might not know about the solar system.
1. The hottest planet is not closest to the Sun
Many people know that Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, whose distance is almost two times less than the distance from the Earth to the Sun. It's no wonder that many people believe that Mercury is the hottest planet.
In fact Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system- the second planet close to the Sun, where the average temperature reaches 475 degrees Celsius. This is enough to melt tin and lead. At the same time, the maximum temperature on Mercury is about 426 degrees Celsius.
But due to the lack of an atmosphere, the surface temperature of Mercury can vary by hundreds of degrees, while the carbon dioxide on the surface of Venus maintains a virtually constant temperature at any time of the day or night.
2. The edge of the solar system is a thousand times further from Pluto
We are used to thinking that the solar system extends to the orbit of Pluto. Today, Pluto is not even considered a major planet, but this idea remains in the minds of many people.
Scientists have discovered many objects orbiting the Sun that are much further than Pluto. These are the so-called trans-Neptunian or Kuiper belt objects. The Kuiper Belt extends over 50-60 astronomical units (An astronomical unit, or the average distance from the Earth to the Sun, is 149,597,870,700 m).
3. Almost everything on planet Earth is a rare element
The earth is mainly composed of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sulfur, nickel, calcium, sodium and aluminum.
Although all of these elements have been found in different places throughout the universe, they are only traces of elements that dwarf the abundance of hydrogen and helium. Thus, the Earth is mostly composed of rare elements. This does not indicate any special place on planet Earth, since the cloud from which the Earth formed contained large amounts of hydrogen and helium. But because they are light gases, they were carried into space by the sun's heat as the Earth formed.
4. The solar system has lost at least two planets
Pluto was originally considered a planet, but due to its very small size (much smaller than our Moon), it was renamed a dwarf planet. Astronomers also the planet Vulcan was once believed to exist, which is closer to the Sun than Mercury. Its possible existence was discussed 150 years ago to explain some features of Mercury's orbit. However, later observations ruled out the possibility of Vulcan's existence.
In addition, recent research has shown that it may someday there was a fifth giant planet, similar to Jupiter, which orbited the Sun, but was thrown out of the Solar System due to gravitational interaction with other planets.
5. Jupiter has the largest ocean of any planet
Jupiter, which orbits in cold space five times farther from the sun than planet Earth, was able to retain much higher levels of hydrogen and helium during formation than our planet.
One could even say that Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. Given the planet's mass and chemical composition, as well as the laws of physics, under cold clouds, an increase in pressure should lead to the transition of hydrogen to a liquid state. That is, on Jupiter there should be deepest ocean of liquid hydrogen.
According to computer models, this planet not only has the largest ocean in the solar system, its depth is approximately 40,000 km, that is, equal to the circumference of the Earth.
6. Even the smallest bodies in the solar system have satellites
It was once believed that only large objects such as planets could have natural satellites or moons. The existence of moons is sometimes even used to determine what a planet actually is. It seems counterintuitive that small cosmic bodies could have enough gravity to hold a satellite. After all, Mercury and Venus don't have any, and Mars only has two tiny moons.
But in 1993, the Galileo interplanetary station discovered a Dactyl satellite near the asteroid Ida, only 1.6 km wide. Since then it has been found moons orbiting about 200 other small planets, which made defining a “planet” much more difficult.
7. We live inside the Sun
We usually think of the Sun as a huge hot ball of light located at a distance of 149.6 million km from Earth. In fact The Sun's outer atmosphere extends much further than the visible surface.
Our planet orbits within its thin atmosphere, and we can see this when gusts of solar wind cause the aurora to appear. In this sense, we live inside the Sun. But the solar atmosphere does not end on Earth. The aurora can be observed on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and even distant Neptune. The outermost region of the solar atmosphere is the heliosphere extends over at least 100 astronomical units. This is about 16 billion kilometers. But since the atmosphere is drop-shaped due to the movement of the Sun in space, its tail can reach tens to hundreds of billions of kilometers.
8. Saturn isn't the only planet with rings
While Saturn's rings are by far the most beautiful and easy to observe, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also have rings. While Saturn's bright rings are made of icy particles, Jupiter's very dark rings are mostly dust particles. They may contain minor fragments of disintegrated meteorites and asteroids and possibly particles of the volcanic moon Io.
Uranus's ring system is slightly more visible than Jupiter's and may have formed after the collision of small moons. Neptune's rings are faint and dark, just like Jupiter's. Faint rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune impossible to see through small telescopes from Earth, because Saturn became most famous for its rings.
Contrary to popular belief, there is a body in the solar system with an atmosphere essentially similar to that of Earth. This is Saturn's moon Titan.. It is larger than our Moon and is close in size to the planet Mercury. Unlike the atmosphere of Venus and Mars, which are much thicker and thinner, respectively, than that of Earth, and consist of carbon dioxide, Titan's atmosphere is mostly nitrogen.
The Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78 percent nitrogen. The similarity to the Earth's atmosphere, and especially the presence of methane and other organic molecules, led scientists to believe that Titan could be considered an analogue of the early Earth, or that some kind of biological activity was present there. For this reason, Titan is considered the best place in the solar system to search for signs of life.
quoted1 > > Why is Venus so hot?
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system: reasons, surface and atmospheric temperature, distance to the Sun, description of the orbit, greenhouse effect.
You may have already heard that among all the planets in our system, the maximum heating is present on Venus. But why Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system?
Why is Venus so hot?
Answer: greenhouse effect. In many ways, Venus literally mirrors our planet Earth. But it differs sharply in the presence of a dense atmosphere. If you were on the surface, you would not be able to withstand pressure 93 times higher than on Earth.
In addition, the atmosphere itself is composed of carbon dioxide, leading to the greenhouse effect. This is a mechanism where heat does not return to space, but accumulates on the surface.
The average temperature of Venus is 461°C. Moreover, it does not change between day, night and seasons. Tectonic activity of the second planet from the Sun stopped billions of years ago. Without this, carbon would not be able to stay in the rock and would be released into the atmosphere. All the oceans boiled and the water evaporated (literally rushed out by the solar wind). Now you know what the temperature is on Venus and why the planet became the hottest in the system.
Since childhood, we have been learning elementary truths about the structure of the Universe: all planets are round, there is nothing in space, the sun is burning. Meanwhile, this is all untrue. It is not for nothing that the new Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva recently announced that it is necessary to return astronomy lessons to school. Editorial Medialeaks fully supports this initiative and invites readers to update their ideas about planets and stars.
1. The earth is a smooth ball
The real shape of the Earth is slightly different from the globe from the store. Many people know that our planet is slightly flattened at the poles. But besides this, different points on the earth’s surface are located at different distances from the center of the core. It's not just the relief, it's just that the whole Earth is uneven. For clarity, use this slightly exaggerated illustration.
Closer to the equator, the planet generally has a kind of protrusion. Therefore, for example, the most distant point on the earth’s surface from the center of the planet is not Everest (8848 m), but the Chimborazo volcano (6268 m) - its peak is 2.5 km further. This is not visible in photographs from space, since the deviation from the ideal ball is no more than 0.5% of the radius, in addition, the imperfections in the appearance of our beloved planet are smoothed out by the atmosphere. The correct name for the shape of the Earth is geoid.
2. The sun is burning
We are used to thinking that the Sun is a huge ball of fire, so it seems to us that it is burning, there is a flame on its surface. In fact, combustion is a chemical reaction that requires an oxidizer and fuel, and an atmosphere. (By the way, this is why explosions in outer space are practically impossible).
The sun is a huge piece of plasma in a state of thermonuclear reaction; it does not burn, but glows, emitting a stream of photons and charged particles. That is, the Sun is not fire, it is a large and very, very warm light.
3. The Earth rotates on its axis in exactly 24 hours
It often seems that some days pass faster, others slower. Oddly enough, this is true. A solar day, that is, the time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the sky, varies by plus or minus about 8 minutes at different times of the year in different parts of the planet. This is due to the fact that the linear speed of motion and the angular speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun are constantly changing as it moves along an elliptical orbit. The day either increases slightly or decreases slightly.
In addition to the solar day, there is also a sidereal day - the time during which the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in relation to distant stars. They are more constant, their duration is 23 hours 56 minutes 04 seconds.
4. Complete weightlessness in orbit
It is commonly believed that an astronaut on a space station is in a state of complete weightlessness and his weight is zero. Yes, the influence of the Earth’s gravity at an altitude of 100-200 km from its surface is less noticeable, but remains just as powerful: that is why the ISS and the people in it remain in orbit, and do not fly in a straight line into outer space.
In simple terms, both the station and the astronauts in it are in endless free fall (only they fall forward, not down), and the station’s very rotation around the planet maintains the soaring. It would be more correct to call it microgravity. A state close to complete weightlessness can only be experienced outside the Earth's gravitational field.
5. Instant death in space without a spacesuit
Oddly enough, for a person who falls out of a spaceship hatch without a spacesuit, death is not so inevitable. It will not turn into an icicle: yes, the temperature in outer space is -270 °C, but heat exchange in a vacuum is impossible, so the body, on the contrary, will begin to heat up. Internal pressure is also not enough to explode a person from the inside.
The main danger is explosive decompression: gas bubbles in the blood will begin to expand, but theoretically this can be survived. In addition, in space conditions there is not enough pressure to maintain the liquid state of the substance, so water will begin to evaporate very quickly from the mucous membranes of the body (tongue, eyes, lungs). In earth's orbit under direct sunlight, instant burns to unprotected areas of the skin are inevitable (by the way, the temperature here will be like in a sauna - about 100 °C). All this is very unpleasant, but not fatal. It is very important to be in space while exhaling (air retention will lead to barotrauma).
As a result, according to NASA scientists, under certain conditions there is a chance that 30-60 seconds of being in outer space will not cause damage to the human body that is incompatible with life. Death will ultimately come from suffocation.
6. The asteroid belt is a dangerous place for starships
Science-fiction films have taught us that asteroid clusters are piles of space debris that fly in close proximity to each other. On maps of the Solar System, the Asteroid Belt also usually looks like a serious obstacle. Yes, in this place there is a very high density of celestial bodies, but only by cosmic standards: half-kilometer blocks fly at a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from each other.
Humanity has launched about a dozen probes that went beyond the orbit of Mars and flew to the orbit of Jupiter without the slightest problem. Impenetrable clusters of space rocks and rocks, like those seen in Star Wars, may be the result of the collision of two massive celestial bodies. And then - not for long.
7. We see millions of stars
Until recently, the expression “myriad stars” was nothing more than a rhetorical exaggeration. With the naked eye from Earth in the clearest weather, no more than 2-3 thousand celestial bodies can be seen at the same time. In total in both hemispheres - about 6 thousand. But in the photographs of modern telescopes you can actually find hundreds of millions, if not billions of stars (no one has counted yet).
The newly acquired Hubble Ultra Deep Field image captures about 10,000 galaxies, the most distant of which are approximately 13.5 billion light-years away. According to scientists' calculations, these ultra-distant star clusters appeared “only” 400-800 million years after the Big Bang.
8. The stars are motionless
It is not the stars that move across the sky, but the Earth that rotates - until the 18th century, scientists were sure that, with the exception of planets and comets, most of the celestial bodies remained motionless. However, over time it was proven that all stars and galaxies without exception are in motion. If we went back several tens of thousands of years ago, we would not recognize the starry sky above our heads (as well as the moral law, by the way).
Of course, this happens slowly, but individual stars change their position in outer space in such a way that this becomes noticeable after just a few years of observations. Bernard's star "flies" the fastest - its speed is 110 km/s. Galaxies also shift.
For example, the Andromeda Nebula, visible to the naked eye from Earth, is approaching the Milky Way at a speed of about 140 km/s. In about 5 billion years we will collide.
9. The Moon Has a Dark Side
The Moon always faces the Earth with one side, because its rotation around its own axis and around our planet is synchronized. However, this does not mean that the rays of the Sun never fall on the half invisible to us.
During the new moon, when the side facing the Earth is completely in shadow, the opposite side is completely illuminated. However, on the Earth's natural satellite, day gives way to night somewhat more slowly. A full lunar day lasts approximately two weeks.
10. Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system
It is quite logical to assume that the planet closest to the Sun is also the hottest in our system. That's also not true. The maximum temperature on the surface of Mercury is 427 °C. This is less than on Venus, where a temperature of 477 °C is recorded. The second planet is almost 50 million km further from the Sun than the first, but Venus has a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which, due to the greenhouse effect, retains and accumulates temperature, while Mercury has practically no atmosphere.
There is one more point. Mercury completes a full revolution around its axis in 58 Earth days. A two-month night cools the surface to -173 °C, meaning the average temperature at Mercury's equator is about 300 °C. And at the planet’s poles, which always remain in the shadows, there is even ice.
11. The solar system consists of nine planets
Since childhood, we are accustomed to thinking that the solar system has nine planets. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and for more than 70 years it remained a full member of the planetary pantheon. However, after much debate, in 2006, Pluto was demoted to the rank of the largest dwarf planet in our system. The fact is that this celestial body does not correspond to one of the three definitions of a planet, according to which such an object must clear the surroundings of its orbit with its mass. Pluto's mass is only 7% of the total weight of all Kuiper Belt objects. For example, another planetoid from this region, Eris, is only 40 km smaller in diameter than Pluto, but noticeably heavier. For comparison, the Earth's mass is 1.7 million times greater than that of all other bodies in the vicinity of its orbit. That is, there are still eight full-fledged planets in the solar system.
12. Exoplanets are similar to Earth
Almost every month, astronomers delight us with reports that they have discovered another exoplanet on which life could theoretically exist. The imagination immediately pictures a green-blue ball somewhere near Proxima Centauri, where it will be possible to dump it when our Earth finally breaks. In fact, scientists have no idea what exoplanets look like or what their conditions are like. The fact is that they are so far away that with modern methods we cannot yet calculate their actual sizes, atmospheric composition and surface temperature.
As a rule, only the estimated distance between such a planet and its star is known. Of the hundreds of exoplanets found that are located inside the habitable zone, potentially suitable for supporting Earth-like life, only a few could potentially be similar to our home planet.
13. Jupiter and Saturn are balls of gas
We all know that the largest planets in the solar system are gas giants, but this does not mean that, once in the gravitational zone of these planets, the body will fall through them until it reaches the solid core.
Jupiter and Saturn are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Under the clouds, at a depth of several thousand km, a layer begins in which hydrogen, under the influence of monstrous pressure, gradually transforms from gaseous to the state of liquid boiling metal. The temperature of this substance reaches 6 thousand °C. Interestingly, Saturn emits into space 2.5 times more energy than the planet receives from the Sun, but it is not yet entirely clear why.
14. In the solar system, life can only exist on Earth
If something similar to terrestrial life existed anywhere else in the solar system, we would notice it... Right? For example, on Earth, the first organic matter appeared more than 4 billion years ago, but for another hundreds of millions of years, not a single external observer would have seen any obvious signs of life, and the first multicellular organisms appeared only after 3 billion years. In fact, besides Mars, there are at least two more places in our system where life could well exist: these are the satellites of Saturn - Titan and Enceladus.
Titan has a dense atmosphere, as well as seas, lakes and rivers - although not made of water, but of liquid methane. But in 2010, scientists from NASA announced that they had discovered on this satellite of Saturn signs of the possible existence of the simplest forms of life, using methane and hydrogen instead of water and oxygen.
Enceladus is covered with a thick layer of ice, it would seem, what kind of life is there? However, below the surface at a depth of 30-40 km, as planetary scientists are sure, there is an ocean of liquid water approximately 10 km thick. The core of Enceladus is hot and this ocean may contain hydrothermal vents similar to Earth's “black smokers.” According to one hypothesis, life on Earth appeared precisely thanks to this phenomenon, so why not the same thing happen on Enceladus. By the way, in some places the water breaks through the ice and erupts out into fountains up to 250 km high. Recent evidence confirms that this water contains organic compounds.
15. Space is empty
There is nothing in interplanetary and interstellar space, many are sure from childhood. In fact, the vacuum of space is not absolute: in microscopic quantities there are atoms and molecules, relic radiation that remains from the Big Bang, and cosmic rays, which contain ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles.
Moreover, scientists have recently suggested that the void of space is actually made of matter that we cannot yet detect. Physicists called this hypothetical phenomenon dark energy and dark matter. Presumably, our Universe consists of 76% dark energy, 22% dark matter, and 3.6% interstellar gas. Our ordinary baryonic matter: stars, planets, etc. is only 0.4% of the total mass of the universe.
There is an assumption that it is the increase in the amount of dark energy that causes the Universe to expand. Sooner or later, this alternative entity, in theory, will tear the atoms of our reality into shreds of individual bosons and quarks. However, by that time, neither Olga Vasilyeva, nor astronomy lessons, nor humanity, nor the Earth, nor the Sun will exist for several billion years.