Artist, thinker, man. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province in an aristocratic noble family. “I don’t remember my mother at all. I was 1.5 years old when she passed away. ... She was not pretty, but well educated for her time. She knew ... four languages ..., played the piano well, and ... was a great master of telling fairy tales ”“ Father was of medium height, well-built, lively sanguine, with a pleasant face and always sad eyes. Father never humiliated himself before anyone, did not change his lively, cheerful and often mocking tone. And this self-esteem that I saw in him increased my love, my admiration for him "Mother - Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya () Father - Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy ()
The Tolstoy family The first annalistic references to the Tolstoy family date back to the 16th century. Pyotr Andreevich, the first of the Tolstoy family to receive the title of count, was a comrade-in-arms of Peter I. Tolstoy were related to the families of famous figures in Russian history and culture: A.S. Pushkin, P.Ya. Chaadaev, Decembrists S.G. Volkonsky, S.P. Trubetskoy, A.I. Odoevsky
Childhood After the death of his father (1837), a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, took up the upbringing of children: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, the first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
Adolescence and youth Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children P. I. Yushkova. For two and a half years he was preparing to enter the university. Deciding to become a diplomat, Tolstoy took exams for the eastern branch.
In Kazan, he successfully passed exams in history, geography, mathematics, statistics, Russian literature, logic, English, French, German, Latin, Arabic, Turkish and Tatar languages and entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law faculty, where he studied for less than two years. Classes did not arouse a lively interest in him, and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having filed a petition for dismissal from the university "due to frustrated health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana.
From the diary of L.N. Tolstoy What will be the purpose of my life in the countryside for 2 years? - 1) Study the entire course of legal sciences required for the final examination at the University. 2) Study practical medicine and part of the theoretical one. 3) Learn languages: French, Russian, German, English, Italian, Latin. 4) To study Agriculture both theoretical and practical. 5) Study History, Geography and Statistics. 6) Study Mathematics, Gymnasium course. 7) Write a dissertation. 8) Achieve an average degree of perfection in music and painting. 9) Write the rules. 10) Get some knowledge in the Natural Sciences. 11) Compose essays from all the subjects that I will study. 1847
Caucasus In 1851, elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was hired).
Crimean Campaign In 1854 Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube army in Bucharest. Boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a cycle of “Sevastopol stories”. At this time, Tolstoy writes: "The Crimean War showed the rottenness and impotence of serf Russia"
In the circle of writers In November 1855, after the war, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately joined the Sovremennik circle, which included N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, A.N. Ostrovsky, I.A. Goncharov and others. L.N. Tostoy was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature.” However, in the journal L.N. Tolstoy did not work for long, and already in 1856 he left for Yasnaya Polyana, and then went on a trip abroad.
Opening a school In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy was so fascinated by this occupation that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be the "student's freedom" and the rejection of violence in teaching. In the early 1870s he compiled the "ABC" and "New ABC" for teaching children to read and write.
When I enter the school and see this crowd of ragged, dirty, thin children, with their bright eyes and so often angelic expressions, anxiety comes over me, the horror that I would feel at the sight of drowning people ... I want education for the people ... to save those Pushkins drowning there, ... Lomonosovs. And they teem in every school. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Tolstoy. December 1874 L.N. Tolstoy opened 26 public schools where children studied.
On the work of Leo Tolstoy For many years a stern and truthful voice sounded, denouncing everyone and everything; he told us almost as much about Russian life as the rest of our literature. The historical significance of Tolstoy's work ... is the result of everything experienced by Russian society over the entire 19th century, and his books will remain for centuries, as a monument to hard work done by a GENIUS ... M. Gorky
Let's summarize the lesson Interpret the words of L.N. Tolstoy and about L.N. Tolstoy within the framework of those discoveries that were made in the lesson. Without my Yasnaya Polyana, I can hardly imagine Russia and my attitude towards it. He is one of those geniuses of art, whose words are living water. K. Fedin
Sections: Literature
Lesson Objectives:
- to acquaint students with the life and worldview of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy;
- arouse interest in the personality and work of the author;
- to develop the ability of students to take notes: to identify and write down the main thoughts, theses.
Equipment:
- portrait of L.N. Tolstoy;
- PowerPoint presentation ( Application);
- exhibition of books with works by L.N. Tolstoy;
- illustrations for the works of Leo Tolstoy.
"Tolstoy is the greatest and only
the genius of modern Europe, the highest
pride of Russia, man, one name
whose fragrance, writer
great purity and holiness…"
A.A. Block
During the classes
I. Opening speech of the teacher.
This year would have marked the 180th anniversary of the birth of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. His works have entered the treasury of world literature: they are studied in schools and universities, they are read by both Russian and foreign readers.
Today you will learn about the fate of this talented person. I hope that this acquaintance will awaken interest in the writer's work and worldview, will provide an opportunity to better understand his works, to take a fresh look at the works already read.
And I would like to start with the words of A.A. Blok, which are included in the epigraph to our lesson“Tolstoy is the greatest and only genius of modern Europe, the highest pride of Russia, a man whose only name is fragrance, a writer of great purity and holiness…”
II. Making a record of the topic of the lesson and the epigraph in the notebook.
III. Presentation of the biography of Leo Tolstoy - lecture by the teacher. The class writes a summary of the lecture.
Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy - a descendant of two noble noble families: Counts Tolstoy and Princes Volkonsky (on the maternal side) - was born on August 28 (September 9) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate. Here he lived most of his life, wrote most of his works, including novels included in the golden fund of world literature: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection".
“Joyful period of childhood”
Slides 6-7.
Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of \u200b\u200b"her spiritual appearance": some features of the mother (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection and even a portrait resemblance Tolstoy gave to Princess Marya Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and Peace") Tolstoy's father, a participant in the Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured and mocking character, love for reading, for hunting (served as the prototype for Nikolai Rostov), also died early (1837). a distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, was engaged in: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
Kazan University
Slide 8
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of P. I. Yushkova, a relative and guardian of the children. In 1844 Tolstoy entered Kazan University in the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: classes did not arouse a lively interest in him and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having filed a letter of resignation from the university "due to poor health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting."
After a summer in the countryside, in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to take his candidate's exams at the university. His way of life during this period often changed: either he prepared for days and passed exams, then he passionately devoted himself to music, then he intended to start a bureaucratic career, then he dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment. Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with revelry, cards, trips to the gypsies. However, it was these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
"War and Freedom"
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to travel together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was hired). The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of the Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a man of an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story "The Cossacks" (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were reflected in the stories " Raid " (), "Cutting down the forest" (), as well as in the late story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904, published in 1912). Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this "wild land, in which two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined." In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the journal "Contemporary", without revealing his name (printed in under the initials L.N.; together with later stories "Boyhood", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855– 57, compiled an autobiographical trilogy). The literary debut immediately brought real recognition to Tolstoy.
In 1854 Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans, here he began to write a cycle of "Sevastopol stories", which were soon published and had a huge success (Even Alexander II read the essay "Sevastopol in December"). Tolstoy's first works struck literary critics with their courageous psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the "dialectic of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky). Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" - "the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
In the circle of writers and abroad
The years of change abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (the refusal to own private property proclaimed by Tolstoy caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). The personal drama experienced by Tolstoy is reflected in his diary entries.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be unbearable for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the stationmaster's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. The news about Tolstoy's health, who by this time had already gained world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, was followed by the whole of Russia. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale.
Final word from the teacher:
L.N. Tolstoy is a brilliant artist of the word, interest in whose work not only does not weaken over the years, but, on the contrary, grows. Being all his life in search of truth, in his works he shares his discoveries and experiences. Tolstoy's works can be re-read repeatedly, each time finding more and more new thoughts in them. Therefore, I would like to end this lesson with the words of A. Frans: “With his life, he proclaims sincerity, directness, determination, firmness, calm and constant heroism, he teaches that one must be truthful and one must be strong ... Precisely because he was full of strength he was always truthful!”
Recording homework.
References:
- Mayorova O.E. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy - Biography.
- Site materials www.yasnayapolyana.ru.
- A large encyclopedic reference book for schoolchildren on literature. - M., 2005
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province in an aristocratic noble family. House in Yasnaya Polyana.
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By origin, Lev Nikolayevich belonged to the famous noble families of Tolstoy (on his father's side) and Volkonsky (on his mother's side), who gave rise to a number of state and military figures known in the history of Russia. Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, grandfather of L.N. Tolstoy. Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya, Leo Tolstoy's grandmother. Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy, grandfather of Leo Tolstoy. Pelageya Nikolaevna Tolstaya, Leo Tolstoy's grandmother.
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Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya in childhood, mother of Leo Tolstoy. Nikolai Ilyich, father of Leo Tolstoy. Maria Nikolaevna and Nikolai Ilyich had 4 sons: Nikolai, Sergey, Dmitry, Lev, and the long-awaited daughter Maria. However, her birth turned out to be an inconsolable grief for the Tolstoys: Maria Nikolaevna died during childbirth in 1830. And in 1837 Nikolai Ilyich died. The children's teacher was their distant relative Tatyana Aleksandrovna Yergolskaya. In 1841, the children were taken by their aunt Pelageya Ilyinichna Yushkova, who lived in Kazan.
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In 1844, Lev Nikolaevich entered Kazan University in the department of Oriental languages, then transferred to the Faculty of Law. State teaching did not satisfy his inquisitive mind, and in 1847 Tolstoy filed a petition to dismiss him from among the students. Tolstoy is a student. The building of Kazan University.
Slide 7
Leo Tolstoy leaves Kazan and returns to Yasnaya Polyana. And in 1850 he was appointed to serve in the office of the Tula provincial government, but the service also did not satisfy him. Under the influence of his older brother Nikolai, L.N. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus in 1851 and volunteered to serve in the artillery. Brother of the writer N.N. Tolstoy.
Slide 8
In 1854-1855 Tolstoy took part in the heroic defense of Sevastopol. This time was for him a school of military and civil courage. The experience gained by him in battles later helped Tolstoy the artist to achieve true realism in the battle scenes of War and Peace. In besieged Sevastopol, Tolstoy wrote Sevastopol Tales. For the first time in Russian literature, the writer chose soldiers and sailors who fought for the Motherland as his heroes. L.N. Tolstoy. Publication of "Sevastopol stories" in the journal "Contemporary".
Slide 9
In early November 1855, Tolstoy was sent by courier to St. Petersburg. He stayed with I.S. Turgenev, in his apartment on the Fontanka, near the Anichkov Bridge. In St. Petersburg, Turgenev introduced Tolstoy into the circle of well-known writers and contributed to his literary success. Tolstoy became especially close to the writers grouped around Sovremennik. L.N. Tolstoy in the group of writers of Sovremennik.
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Turgenev's persistent advice to leave military service still had an effect on Tolstoy: he submitted a letter of resignation and in November 1856 received a dismissal from military service, and in early 1857 he went on his first trip abroad through Warsaw to Paris. Paris
slide 11
From France, Tolstoy arrived in London in early March 1861. Here he was fortunate enough to attend a lecture by Charles Dickens, who was one of Tolstoy's most beloved writers; he placed his portrait in his Yasnaya Polyana office among the portraits of close people. From London Tolstoy returns to Russia via Brussels. London.
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Immediately after the wedding, Lev Nikolaevich and Sofia Andreevna left for Yasnaya Polyana, where they lived almost without a break for 20 years. In Sofya Andreevna, he found a diligent assistant in his literary work. She sorted through and rewrote the writer's difficult-to-read manuscripts an infinite number of times, happy that she was the first to read his works. S.A. Tolstaya. L.N. Tolstoy.
slide 14
Since 1882, Tolstoy and his family lived in Moscow. The writer was impressed by the contradictions of the large capitalist city that Moscow had become by that time. This exacerbated the spiritual crisis that led Tolstoy to break with the noble circle to which he belonged. Family of Leo Tolstoy.
slide 15
On October 28, 1910, at six o'clock in the morning, Tolstoy left Yasnaya Polyana forever. He and his companions were heading through Kozelsk to the south of Russia. On the way, Tolstoy fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to leave the train at Astapovo station. The last seven days of the writer's life passed in the house of the head of the station. On November 7, at 6:50 am, Tolstoy died. Funeral in Yasnaya Polyana.
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Grave of Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy's death triggered a wave of anti-government demonstrations: factory workers went on strike; in St. Petersburg, at the Kazan Cathedral, a student demonstration took place; unrest and riots took place in Moscow and other cities.
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1828. August 28 (September 9, new style) Leo Tolstoy was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Krapivensky district, Tula province. 1841. After the death of his mother (1830) and father (1837), L. N. Tolstoy with his brothers and sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian P. I. Yushkova. 1844 - 1847. LN Tolstoy studies at Kazan University - first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature, then at the Faculty of Law. 1847. Without completing the course, Tolstoy leaves the university and arrives in Yasnaya Polyana, which he received under a separate act. 1849. A trip to St. Petersburg University to take exams for the degree of candidate. 1849. Leo Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. 1851. LN Tolstoy writes the story "The History of Yesterday" - his first literary work (unfinished). In May, Tolstoy goes to the Caucasus, volunteers in military operations. MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF L. N. TOLSTOY 1859.
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1860 - 1861 Leo Tolstoy studies the organization of school affairs abroad during his second trip abroad in Europe. In May Leo Tolstoy returns to Yasnaya Polyana. 1861 - 1862. LN Tolstoy - world mediator, protects the interests of the peasants; the Tula provincial nobility, dissatisfied with him, demands his removal from office. The story "Polikushka" is written. 1862 L. N. Tolstoy publishes the pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana, finished the story The Cossacks. 1863 - 1869. Leo Tolstoy is working on the novel "War and Peace". 1868. LN Tolstoy begins to work on the "ABC", graduated in 1872. 1872. In Yasnaya Polyana, the pedagogical activity of LN Tolstoy, interrupted after a search, is resumed, a congress of teachers of public schools gathers. LN Tolstoy is trying to create teacher training courses in Yasnaya Polyana. Work on stories for children. 1873. Tolstoy began to write the novel "Anna Karenina", finished in 1877. In June - August, L.N. Tolstoy participates in helping the starving peasants of the Samara province.
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1901 - 1902. L.N. Tolstoy lives during his illness in the Crimea, where he often meets with A.P. Chekhov and A.M. Gorky. 1903. L.N. Tolstoy wrote the story “After the Ball”. 1905 - 1908. L.N. Tolstoy writes articles “For what?”, “I can’t be silent!” and others L.N. Tolstoy. 1895
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L.N. TOLSTOY (1828-1910). BIOGRAPHY.
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Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 at the Yasnaya Polyana estate, near Tula, into a noble family.
Without my Yasnaya Polyana, I can hardly imagine Russia and my attitude towards it. Without Yasnaya Polyana, I can perhaps see more clearly the general laws necessary for my fatherland ... L. TOLSTOY, "Memoirs in the Village"
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Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790-1830). Mother of L. Tolstoy.
I don't remember my mother at all. I was one and a half years old when she died ... everything that I know about her, everything is fine ... L. Tolstoy "Memoirs"
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Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1795-1837). Father of L. Tolstoy.
The first place ... occupies, although not by influence on me, but by my feeling for him, ... my father. L. Tolstoy "Memories"
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In 1851, L. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus and volunteered for the artillery.
Finally today I received the order to go to my battery, I am a 4th class fireworker. You won't believe how much it gives me pleasure. L. Tolstoy - T. A. Ergolskaya. January 3, 1852
Slide 7
At the age of twenty-six I came to Petersburg after the war and made friends with writers. They accepted me as their own ... L. Tolstoy "Confession"
A group of writers of the Sovremennik magazine. L.N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky. From a photograph of 1856.
Slide 8
SOFIA ANDREEVNA BERSV In 1862, L. Tolstoy married the daughter of a doctor.
The choice has long been made. Literature-art, pedagogy and family. L. Tolstoy, Diary, October 6, 1863 She is a serious help to me. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Fet. May 15, 1863
Slide 9
L.N. Tolstoy opened 26 public schools, where 9,000 children studied.
When I enter the school and see this crowd of ragged, dirty, thin children, with their bright eyes and so often angelic expressions, anxiety comes over me, the horror that I would feel at the sight of drowning people ... I want education for the people ... to save those Pushkins drowning there, ... Lomonosovs. And they teem in every school. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Tolstoy. December 1874
Slide 10
TOLSTOY, TOLSTOY! This is ... not a man, but a HUMAN, JUPITER. Maxim Gorky
TOLSTOY is indeed a great artist, such as are born over the centuries, and his work is crystal clear, bright and beautiful. V. G. Korolenko ... There is no person more worthy of the name of a genius, more complex, contradictory and beautiful in everything ... A. P. Chekhov
In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but dropped out after three years, as she quickly got bored. When Tolstoy was 23 years old, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During the service, the writer wakes up in Tolstoy, and he begins his famous trilogy cycle, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. And also Lev Nikolaevich writes several autobiographical novels and stories (such as "Cutting the Forest", "Cossacks").
Once on his allotment, Lev Nikolaevich creates his own system of pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to engage in educational activities. Entirely carried away by this type of activity, he leaves for Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy marries the young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately leaves with his wife for Yasnaya Polyana, where he is fully engaged in family life and household chores.
But by the fall of 1863, he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy's worldview is fully formed, which bears a telling name - "Tolstoyism", the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as "Kreutzer Sonata", "What is your faith", "Confession".
And in 1899, the novel "Resurrection" was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, together with his attending physician, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.
