verb tense expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Forms stand out past, present and future tense.
In most cases, the use of forms of time is determined by the attitude to the moment of speech; this use of them is called absolute time.
In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) clauses of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by the relation to the time of action of the main part:
My brother said that he sent (sends, sends) the book I need.
The grammatical point of time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part is performed, is being performed or will be performed. “He wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.
Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).
Perfective verbs, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (I decided - I will decide), but they do not have a present tense.
Past tense denotes an action that precedes the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the stem of the infinitive -l-: write - pi-sa-l, chita-t - read-l, kol-t - kol-l.
When forming forms of the past tense, some features are observed:
If the basis of the past tense ends in r, k, x, z, s, b, then when forming a verb male the suffix -l- drops out: guard, peck, sokh, carried, carried, rowed, but remains in the feminine and neuter gender, as well as in plural: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, guarded.
Verbs for - heret in the past tense lose the second in full vowel combination e, and in masculine do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.
Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another basis - shed - with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.
The past tense allows the verb to change in numbers. In its turn, singular can easily be inclined by birth. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change by person.
Verbs in the form present time denote an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
From verbs perfect look forms of the present tense are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of the present tense.
Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed with the help of personal endings, depending on whether the verb belongs to I or II conjugation.
I conjugations: -u (-u), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut)
II conjugations: -u (-u), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)
An example of a verb I conjugation:
1st person → I am walking, we are walking
2nd person → you walk, you walk
3rd person → he walks, they walk
An example of a verb II conjugation:
1st person → I drive, we drive
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry
The present tense has the following meanings:
shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: the Caucasus is under me. Again, solemnly and wisely, an old coniferous forest rustles over me (V. Belov);
denotes action permanent, timeless; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level.;
denotes an action that passes into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.
is used instead of the past to give liveliness to the story and make the reader (listener) as if a witness to the event depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see. This is the so-called real narrative (picturesque, historical);
The present tense is used in the sense of the future, if we are talking about an action that must certainly take place; Tomorrow I pass the last exam and leave to rest. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - to run, to go, to go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imaginary by the author: One more day of this accursed hell - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are falling, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).
Future time denotes an action (process) forthcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.
The synthetic form is characteristic of perfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of imperfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read).
The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb to be and infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, an auxiliary verb to be forms with infinitive one grammatical form.
The future compound always denotes an unlimited, unlimited action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another tense: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.
The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: read, read, read, read, read, read; build, build, build, build, build.
The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has a variety of meanings:
its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will get everything, understand and open: the cold pole and the blue vault (V. Lebedev-Kumach);
denotes an action that turns into a property: Whatever task you give him, he will definitely solve (it is impossible to say solves or solved). The future tense in this sense is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.
denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present):
A storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirlwinds of snow twisting,
Like a beast she will howl
That will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);
with negation does not mean the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a distance (cannot see at a distance);
used in the meaning of the past tense: In the afternoon she for the most part dozed off. He sits in an armchair in front of the table ... and takes a nap (present tense). Then he shudders, wakes up, looks out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his (present) eyes off the endless distance (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
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Topic: Simple and complex forms of the future tense of verbs. A lesson in learning new knowledge.
Didactic goal: to form in students the ability to form the forms of the verb of the future tense.
Tasks:
1. Create conditions for the formation of ideas about the formation of future tense verbs; create conditions for the formation of skills to form the future complex and future simple forms of verbs;
2. Create conditions for the development of regulatory UUD (goal setting, planning, evaluation) and communicative UUD ( correct construction speech statements, coordination of actions with a partner); create conditions for the development of general educational skills and abilities (development of attention, comparative skills and abilities, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions);
3. Create conditions for fostering friendly partnerships, love for books, patriotism.
Teaching methods:
1. problematic;
2. partial search;
3. visual.
Forms of organization cognitive activity:
1. frontal;
2. collective;
3. group;
4. in pairs;
5. individual.
Means of education:
1. ICT. Presentation on the topic.
2. Cards.
During the classes.
1. Motivation for learning activities.
Guys, I wish all of us good luck and new discoveries. Forward for knowledge!
Solve the riddle.
He is cheerful and gentle,
This cute weirdo.
With him is the owner - the boy Robin
And a friend - Piglet.
For him, walking is a holiday.
And honey has a special scent.
This plush prankster -
Bear cub ... (Winnie the Pooh.)
What do you know about Winnie the Pooh? Who invented it? (He loved honey, composed poetry. This hero was invented by Alan Milne.) Exactly 60 years ago, Boris Zakhoder translated the story of Winnie into Russian, and the whole world recognized our Winnie the Pooh.
2. Actualization of knowledge and fixation of difficulties in trial action.
Read the poem he composed. What did you notice?
It's good to be a bear, cheers!
It's good to be a bear, cheers!
No, I will win!
I will conquer heat and frost
If only the nose was smeared with honey!
No, I will win!
I will overcome any trouble
If only all paws were in honey! ..
What word does Winnie the Pooh pronounce differently? How will be correct? Let's look into this issue.
3. Identification of the place and cause of the difficulty.
What can you say about this word? (verb) Prove. (A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions: what to do? what to do? and others) What else do you know about the verb? (The verb changes with tenses.)
What tense is this verb in? Prove it. (In the future, as it answers the question: what will I do? and denotes an action that will take place.)
What is our lesson about? What time are we talking about? (Future tense).
Try putting this verb in the indefinite form. Write it down. How many verbs did you get?
what to do? win
what to do? win
Why are there two verbs? (answer to different questions)
what will i do? I will win
what will I do? ???
Were we able to help Winnie choose the correct form of the verb? (You can say “I will win”) What to do with the verbs that answer the question: what to do? Don't they have a future tense form?
4. Building a project to get out of the difficulty.
What do you suggest? (You need to put other verbs in the future tense) Maybe this will clarify the situation? Will you help me?
Let each row choose 2 verbs for itself and put it in the future tense: read, read, make friends, make friends, jump, jump.
What can you say about these verbs? (These are verbs in the indefinite form) Prove. What groups can they be divided into? (These verbs answer different questions.)
Try to write down all options. I suggest for convenience to write down in the table.
Children work in a notebook in rows.
What happened? Compare your work with that of a classmate. Check the template. If there are errors, correct them. Rate yourself and your friend in the margins. (The table appears on the screen.)
I will be friends
you will be friends
he will be friends
we will be friends
you will be friends
they will be friends
I will jump
you will jump
he will jump
we will jump
you will jump
they will jump
What did you notice? (A verb in the future tense can be expressed in one word or two.)
How can you call the verbs of 1-2 columns? (Answers of children). In Russian, there is a special name for them: the future is complex and the future is simple.
Make a conclusion. Compare the formation of the future simple and future complex tenses. (From the verb answering the question: what to do?, a complex form of the future tense is formed. Such verbs answer the question: what will I do? and others. From the verb answering the question: what to do, it is formed simple form future tense. Such verbs answer the question: what will I do? and others)
What can be said about the simple form of the future tense of the verb? (All verbs with prefixes).
How is the verb of the future compound tense formed? (The first verb changes: to be, and the second verb is a verb in an indefinite form.)
What is the name of the first verb that changes? Is he in charge or helping? What role does he play?
In Russian, it was called auxiliary.
5. Realization of the constructed project.
Let's go back to Winnie's first poem. How to say right?
Guys, can we form a simple form of the future tense? (no) What should we do? (form complex shape future tense)
It is correct to say: I will win.
Drawing up an algorithm.
1. Form an indefinite form of the verb.
2. Ask a question.
3. If the verb answers the question WHAT TO DO?, a complex form of the future tense is formed.
4. If the verb answers the question WHAT TO DO?, a simple form of the future tense is formed.
5. If it is impossible to form a simple form of the future tense, then a complex form of the future tense can be used.
6. Primary consolidation in external speech.
Guys, help Winnie the Pooh write another poem. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the future tense. It must be a beautiful poem. (Work in pairs on cards)
Peacefully and joyfully we (live),
Together (play)
Strong (to be friends),
We (give) each other laughter and flowers,
And (to fulfill) all our dreams in life!
What happened? Check in pairs. Read for everyone.
Explain how you chose the correct form of the future tense verb. (Algorithm)
From a verb answering the question: what to do? a complex form of the future tense is formed; from the verb answering the question: what to do, a simple form of the future tense is formed.
7. Independent work with self-checking according to the standard.
Let's do the exercise from the textbook. Open your textbooks on page 40, exercise 33. Read the assignment. (Each row 1 verb, 3 students work at the blackboard)
Repetition of the algorithm.
8.Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.
We perform exercise 29 on page 35. Repetition of the algorithm.
9. Reflection of educational activity.
Guys, you are so great! At home, try playing the game “What will I do when I grow up? What will I do special? Write down the answers. (Example from Winnie the Pooh: I will fly. I will fly to the moon.)
Guys, our lesson is over. And Winnie the Pooh's friend, Piglet, came to us.
He was very upset that he did not get to our lesson. Let's share our experiences with him.
What did you discover today? What are you interested in? What surprised you?
Rate your work. (For working together, for working in a notebook, for working in pairs) What happened?
verbs in the form of the future simple and the future compound tense ...
- Googled)
I'll write I'll write I'll write
I will read
will you draw
will think
we will meet
you will take care
will communicate
I'll take a look
let's see
you will watch
1 person, unit number
1 person, pl. number
2 person, unit number- There is only one word in the future simple tense. Verbs I'll call, I'll look, I'll look, I'll finish the future simple tense. In complex - two and one of them in initial form. I will call the verbs, I want to watch, I will stay to look, I will go to do the future difficult tense.
- avavavava
-
I will read, I will eat - the future is difficult - For verbs, there are forms of the future simple tense (synthetic) and the future complex tense (analytical).
Forms of the future simple tense
Perfective verbs are formed from the basis of the future tense by adding personal endings that coincide with the endings of the present tense:
I'll write I'll write I'll writeForms of the future compound tense
Imperfective verbs are formed analytically and are a combination of personal forms of the auxiliary verb to be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb:
I will read
will you draw
will think
we will meet
you will take care
will communicateVerbs in the future tense change by person and number, they do not change by gender!
I'll take a look
let's see
you will watch
1 person, unit number
1 person, pl. number
2 person, unit numberThe complex form of the future tense is simple verbal predicate(this is a single complex):
I will play wonderful games with you.
(M. I. Tsvetaeva) - karoch sun just a word verb
- for google
- Future tense in English language(Future tense) has four forms that can express:
1. Future Simple Action
I will visit him tomorrow. I will visit him tomorrow.
2. Future continuous action (Future Continuous)
The same time tomorrow I will be walking the streets of Rome. Tomorrow at the same time I will be walking the streets of Rome.
3. An action that will take place by a certain time in the future (Future Perfect)
They will have built the factory by summer. They will have built the plant by the summer.
4. An action that by a certain moment in the future will already last for some time (Future Perfect Continuous)
By next month I will have been working in this Bank for five years. By next month, I will have been working at this bank for five years.
5. If we are talking about the future tense from the point of view of the past, then the time is used "Future in the past" (Future in the past)
I knew you'd come. I knew you would come. - you choose - the future is simple
you will choose the future difficult - For verbs, there are forms of the future simple tense (synthetic) and the future complex tense (analytical).
Forms of the future simple tense
Perfective verbs are formed from the basis of the future tense by adding personal endings that coincide with the endings of the present tense:
I'll write I'll write I'll writeForms of the future compound tense
Imperfective verbs are formed analytically and are a combination of personal forms of the auxiliary verb to be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb:
I will read
will you draw
will think
we will meet
you will take care
will communicateVerbs in the future tense change by person and number, they do not change by gender!
I'll take a look
let's see
you will watch
1 person, unit number
1 person, pl. number
2 person, unit numberThe complex form of the future tense is a simple verbal predicate (this is a single complex):
I will play wonderful games with you.
(M. I. Tsvetaeva) - read bud. vr
- move over
- read, eat - the future is simple
I will read, I will eat - the future is difficult - the world is not so easy
The future is complex The analytical form of the future tense of imperfective verbs, formed by the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb to be (sometimes to become) and the infinitive of another verb and denoting an action that is fully related to the plan of the future, but associated with the present tense I will write. I will say rolling pins. Future time used instead of the present: a) to denote the usual, permanent result of an action. As it comes around, it will respond (proverb); b) to express the impossibility of performing an action. Do not apply water with a sieve (proverb); c) to express conjecture, uncertainty. It will be five miles before me(Turgenev); d) to designate repetitive single actions. A storm covers the sky with darkness, twisting snow whirlwinds; then, like a beast, she will howl, then she will cry like a child, then she will suddenly rustle on the roof with dilapidated straw, then, like a belated traveler, her window will knock on us(Pushkin). The future tense is used instead of the past: a) to indicate the sudden onset of an action I approached ... When she suddenly opens her eyes and stares at me(Turgenev); b) to express repetitive actions. The mother skims the marks, sees a deuce for rieo-eansh or calligraphy, and shakes her head in displeasure(Gaidar); c) to indicate past facts as future, subsequent in relation to other past ones. Old Taras will tear out a gray-haired tuft from his chuprina and curse the day and hour, which gave birth to such a son to shame(Gogol).
Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "future complex" is in other dictionaries:
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