The human psyche is a systemic quality that is realized through multi-level systems of the brain. The psyche is not given to a person from birth and does not develop on its own; it is formed in the process of communication and interaction of the child with other people. Specific human qualities are formed in a person only in the process of assimilation of the culture of previous generations.
Functions of the psyche
The main functions of the psyche are reflection and regulation. They are not easily interconnected, but condition each other. This is how reflection is regulated, and the regulation process is based on the information that is obtained during the reflection process.
The functions of reflection and regulation ensure the survival of the organism in existing world. Behavior is regulated based on reflection of events in the surrounding world.
Mental reflection cannot be compared with mirror (mechanical) reflection. The mental reflection of reality always processes incoming information. In other words, mental reflection is active, as it is associated with some kind of necessity and needs. Mental reflection is always subjective, that is, it belongs to some subject. The mental reflection of reality is transformative.
Mental reflection formula:
So it's obvious that real world not equal to psychic reflection. In turn, mental reflection has a number of features:
- Enables you to correctly perceive the surrounding reality (without distortion).
- The mental image is improved and deepened as a result of a person’s active mental activity.
- Reflection provides choice of behavior and activity.
- Reflection is individual in nature, as it is refracted through the individual characteristics of a person.
- Reflection is anticipatory in nature.
Objective reality exists around us regardless of a person or other living creature. But as soon as it is reflected by our psyche, it immediately turns into subjective reality, since it is reflected by a specific subject. We have already said that reflection is correct, but non-mechanical.
The point is that people perceive the same information in completely different ways. Moreover, the perspective (features) of perception is influenced by mental processes and the ability to emote. Classic version differences in perception in the example of a glass of water that is either half empty or half full. Emotional assessment interferes with reflection, that is, reflection occurs through emotions and feelings.
Another example of subjective perception could be the perception of autumn nature: different people see the landscape in different shades. Some call the main color green, others yellow, and others call brown. Even the same person can reflect the same picture of the world differently, depending on conditions: state of health, general mood, etc. Also, people perceive the weather differently depending on the presence or absence of warm clothing.
The outside world can be perceived in different ways:
- reproductively (as a fact), based only on sensations;
- creatively, including the processes of thinking and imagination (thinking out situations, endowing the environment with imaginary details).
Sometimes one type of perception displaces the other, and in life you can encounter very “down-to-earth” people (realists) or those who live almost in an imaginary world. Normally, a person masters both ways of perceiving reality, combining or alternating them. Highest level mental reflection is consciousness.
Consciousness can be represented as a set of sensory and mental images present in the internal experience of the subject. The essence of the concept of “consciousness” is a combination of syllables: “co-knowledge”, which means knowledge about oneself, understanding oneself.
It would seem that it could be simpler than understanding yourself, but, in essence, this is a reflection internal images. Man differs from animals in that he does not just live by instincts, he is aware of himself as an individual with all his needs and desires. We not only experience pain, but also appreciate higher feelings, such as love, friendship, patriotism and many others. etc.
The consciousness of any individual is unique. It is conditioned external factors and internal components. In other words, consciousness not only reflects the environment and its own internal components, but also reflects the reflection of the environment by other subjects.
This complex concept can be illustrated with an example: a person, being among other people, reflects:
- surrounding reality: nature, buildings, weather conditions, time of day, etc.;
- other people: them appearance, behavior, speech, etc.;
- yourself, your feelings and condition;
- perception of space by people around them: what they like, how they react to the weather, etc.;
- perception of the person himself by the people around him: a feeling of friendliness, negativity or neglect towards himself.
All this passes through a person’s consciousness, enriching his inner experience, acquiring relationships and value judgments. This occurs due to the interaction of higher mental functions (memory, thinking, perception, etc.), which in general form consciousness.
Falling down on a person from the very early childhood impressions influence his attitude towards the world around him. The child’s attitude towards life is evident already in the first months after his birth. The baby clearly displays behavioral attitudes, which become only more pronounced as they grow older.
The fact that man is a social being can be clearly seen in the behavior of the baby, who, in his search for love, strives to be close to adults. The desire to be among people continues throughout life.
When a child gets to his feet without help for the first time, he enters a new world and may feel the hostility of this world. While learning to walk, he experiences various difficulties that strengthen or destroy his hopes for a better future. The world around him makes impressions on him, which have a huge impact on his psyche, shaping his outlook on life.
The senses are of great importance in understanding the world and establishing relationships with it. With the help of various senses, a person creates his own picture of the world, his own inner space.
The surrounding world is perceived, first of all, because... A person’s attention is primarily captured by the visual world. Therefore, the main experience consists of visual impressions. This happens because the visual picture of the world consists of stable images, in contrast to the pictures that a person draws with other senses - the ear, skin, nose, tongue.
A person, whose leading perception system is, creates a stock of information based on acoustic impressions. There are people whose leading sense organ is smell or muscles. In everyone’s worldview there is their own leading sense organ, which serves as the main source of receiving impressions from the surrounding reality.
We can understand a person when we know his leading sense organ through which he perceives. the world, because this perception leaves an imprint on all his relationships.
The need to adapt to environment leads to the fact that the human psyche acquires the ability to perceive a large number of impressions from outside world. The psyche perceives and explains the world in the same way through the behavioral attitudes acquired by a person in childhood.
Personal development requires a goal. The ability to set goals presupposes the ability to change.
The psychological goal determines the choice of the degree of development and functioning of those abilities that give meaning to our perception of the world. This explains the fact that each person knows through his experience only a limited part of reality or the surrounding world. A person values what corresponds to his goal and ignores the whole, therefore he cannot understand the reasons for the actions of other people if he does not understand their goal and does not realize that all their activities are subordinated to this goal.
The perception of the world is influenced by individual characteristics and personality traits. Two people perceive the same picture differently. Most of Some people perceive reality through sight, others through hearing. Information perceived in this way will not necessarily correspond to reality.
Each person is individual in his perception and is able to establish contacts with the outside world that correspond to his life attitudes.
Based on the imprints left by impressions and stimuli received through the senses, the world of imagination and memory arises.
A person needs not only to be aware of the world, but also to develop those abilities that are important for his self-preservation. One of these abilities is memory. Without remembering past experiences, it would be impossible to take precautions in the future. We can say that memories carry either encouraging or warning information. There are no random or meaningless memories, but we can evaluate a memory only when we understand its purpose and purpose.
A person remembers events that are important to him based on a specific psychological reason, because these memories contribute to something important, although not always clear, and he forgets about those events that distract him from fulfilling some goal.
A firmly established memory, even distorted, can arise in a person’s subconscious and appear as a social attitude, emotional attitude, or even philosophical point vision, if necessary to achieve the desired goal.
We can say that both perception and memory are very important psychological processes that, from birth, serve the purpose of self-preservation and personal development.
Year of ratification of the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of the Child in Russia.
Basic and universal principles of work of a psychologist in education:
A) P.Ya.Galperin
6.Educational psychology – branch psychological science who studies
A) facts, patterns and mechanisms of personality formation in the educational process
8. The state of need for something experienced by a person is:
A) Need.
10.A community voluntarily united on the basis of interests and friendship is:
A) Reference group.
11. The property of perception, when objects perceived by a person have a certain meaning for him life meaning:
A) Meaningfulness of perception.
12. Thinking directly involved in activity:
A) Visual-effective thinking.
13. Feelings associated with cognitive activity, are called:
A) Intelligent
14. The type of temperament is:
A) Phlegmatic.
15. A property of emotions is not:
A) Identification.
J. Piaget separates when studying the structure of intelligence
A) Functions and contents
A) A set of stable motives and needs that mediate the goals of the individual.
18. Scarce needs are:
A) Biological needs.
19. The social function performed by the individual, the way he behaves in the system interpersonal relationships called:
20. The relative independence of the parameters of a figure from changes in its background is:
A) Constancy
21. Which type of memory develops ontogenetically earlier:
A) Emotional.
22. The use of special techniques to improve memory is called:
A) Mnemonics.
23. Which of the following is not a stage of development of intelligence in the genetic theory of J. Piaget:
A) Stage educational activities
24. Speech that usually accompanies a preschooler’s play and is usually addressed to himself:
A) Egocentric speech
25. Types of passive imagination are:
A) Fantasies and dreams.
26. Attention, including volitional regulation, is called:
A) Intellectual.
27. Volitional effort is:
A) A form of emotional stress that mobilizes a person’s internal resources
28. Name a concept that is not a type of temperament:
A) Leptosomatic.
29. An uncontrollable type of character accentuation is:
A) Impulsivity, conflict, intolerance to objections
30. J. Watson is the founder:
A) P.K. Anokhin.
32. Speech representing a detailed statement, involving a long journey to translate meaning into meaning is:
33.Each mental process is connected:
A) With all the work nervous system
34. Likening oneself to others is:
A) Identification.
35. Is not a mechanism of social perception:
A) Stereotyping.
The property of perception when a person perceives the surrounding reality as the influence of its specific objects
A) Objectivity of perception.
37. "Inferiority complex" is a term that was introduced into psychology:
A) A. Adler.
38. The state of tension that occurs under the influence of strong influences is called:
A) Affect.
39. A phlegmatic person manifests himself as:
A) strong, balanced, inert.
40. Natural abilities are:
A) Biologically determined and associated with innate inclinations
41. Active intervention of the researcher in the activity the subject in order to create conditions for establishing a psychological fact is called:
A) By experiment.
42. The highest form of personality orientation is:
A) Belief.
43. The term “defense mechanisms” was introduced into psychology:
A) Z. Freud
44. Socially sanctioned methods of implementation social function personality is called:
A) Social role.
45. Receptors of exteroceptive sensations are located:
A) On the surface of the body.
46. Memory, which is based on repeating material without comprehending it, is called:
A) Mechanical
47. Activity, selectivity, mediation of activity - characteristic features of memory:
A) Human.
48. Self-centeredness of children's thinking is manifested in:
A) The inability to see the world from a point of view other than one's own.
49. The function of speech, which consists in designating certain objects, phenomena, actions, etc.:
A) Semantic.
50. A dream is:
A) Passive type of imagination
51. The degree of concentration of consciousness on an object is an indicator of attention such as:
A) Concentration.
52. A form of mental reflection, manifested in the ability to choose actions related to overcoming external or internal obstacles:
53. Character is a combination of:
A) Individual and typical
54. The essence of the demonstrative type of character accentuation is:
A) Abnormal ability to repress
55. Founder of the first scientific psychological laboratory in Russia:
A) Bekhterev
56. The term “psychology” was introduced into scientific circulation by:
A) X. Wolf.
57. Aphasia is called:
A) Speech impairment
58. A system of negative emotional experiences, accompanied by corresponding negative psychological symptoms: (low self-esteem, low level of aspirations, increased anxiety and the motive of avoiding failure):
A) inferiority complex
59. The process aimed at achieving a goal is called:
A) Action.
60. Associated with the satisfaction of certain needs, incentives for activity are:
A) Motives.
61. To the basic properties of perception, like mental process relate:
A) Subjectivity, integrity, constancy
The human body is an amazing combination of many organs, tissues, functions, chemical reactions, electrical impulses that allow a person to live, recognize and experience the world around him. Cognition occurs through influences on the human senses - light, sound, taste, smell, tactile and spatial perceptions. All this is the basis of human knowledge and existence in the world around him. And perceptual disorders, whatever they may be and for whatever reasons they occur, are a serious problem.
Perception: reality plus imagination
The fact that a person can perceive the world around him involves the senses and imagination. The knowledge that is obtained through vision, hearing, taste, tactile influence, smell and determining the position of the body in space is processed by special parts of the brain and, with the help of imagination and previously gained experience, become ideas about the world around us. Perception disorders in any area do not allow a person to obtain a holistic picture.
Far and near
And the perceptions of the data obtained are closely interrelated. Receptors that receive information about the surrounding reality transmit nerve impulses to the brain, where analysis and processing of the received information occurs and a response occurs in the form of an idea of an object or phenomenon that affects the receptors. Moreover, some of the receptors should receive such an effect through direct contact with the object, and some through space. So, for example, taste sensations arise when food enters the mouth and tongue. But vision allows you to see objects at a distance. The perception of received information through various senses and receptors is the main mechanism for human cognition of the world. Perceptual disorders are a complex physiological and psychological problem.
Sense organs and receptors
In addition to the six senses known to everyone from school, the human body perceives many more stimuli. So, there are receptors responsible for the perception of heat - cold, pain, as well as sensations of your body. So science identifies not six, but 9 types of sensations:
- vision;
- hearing;
- sense of smell;
- touch;
- equibryoception - sense of balance;
- taste;
- nociception - perception of pain;
- thermoception - feeling of heat;
- proprioception - spatial awareness of your body.
Receiving information about the world around us with the help of various receptors, the brain processes it into perceptions of the surrounding reality.
Perceptions and medical practice
If any disturbances occur in the human body, a big problem may arise - perception disorders. Psychiatry, as a scientific and practical field of medicine, studies these disorders and, as far as possible, helps correct them. Psychiatrists have been studying perception disorders for centuries, helping not only the patients themselves, but also the people around them, to live with such problems. Disturbances in the functioning of one or more sense organs are not always disorders comprehensive analysis the surrounding world. A person who has lost his sight knows what objects and colors really look like and, with the help of the other senses, can imagine a real picture of the world around him. In psychiatry, disorders of the perception process are a whole complex of disorders caused not so much by problems in the functioning of receptors, but by changes in the processes of processing received information and obtaining the final result.
How do perceptual disorders manifest themselves?
The field of psychiatry is a special field of medicine that studies various mental disorders and their manifestations. This is a very specific area of human knowledge, which operates with the concepts of “disease”, “health”, “norm” and “pathology” in relation to mental state. One of the areas of work of a psychiatrist is perceptual disorders. Psychiatry similar problems considers mental pathologies. Disorders of sensation and perception are manifested by several conditions:
- Anesthesia is manifested by an inability to perceive tactile sensations, taste and smell. Its manifestations are similar to medical anesthesia, which is caused to turn off the sensitivity of pain receptors in patients during medical interventions.
- Hyperesthesia is a sensitivity disorder caused by a seeming increase in smell, light, and sound. Very often, hyperesthesia manifests itself in patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury.
- Hypoesthesia is the opposite of hyperesthesia, a change in sensitivity. Sensory perception reduces natural stimuli. Patients with depressive disorders suffer from hypoesthesia, for whom the world seems dull and boring.
- Paresthesia is expressed in sensations of itching, burning, tingling, and “goosebumps” caused by impaired blood supply and innervation. Often, paresthesia occurs in the Zakharyin-Ged zones: problems of internal organs manifest themselves in the form of unpleasant, painful sensations in certain areas of the surface of the human body.
- Senestopathies are unpleasant sensations that arise inside the human body; they are difficult to describe in words; most often the patient uses bright comparative images to talk about these feelings.
“Wrong” sensations sometimes coincide with the clinical manifestations of any disease, and not only from psychiatric practice. Competent or condition is the basis of quality treatment.
Major Perceptual Disorders
Psychiatry as a field of clinical medicine operates in terms of methodology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. To make a diagnosis, it is necessary to clearly know the manifestations of the disease; clinical tests, medical history, laboratory and instrumental studies help with this. The categorical nature of judgments allows one to correctly interpret the data obtained in order to make an adequate diagnosis. In psychiatry, there are two main categories of perceptual disorder to refer to certain mental health problems:
- illusions;
- hallucinations.
Both concepts evoke quite negative feelings in most people, but the patient himself has no control over them, although in many cases such disorders occur due to conditions into which a person has driven himself, for example, drug or alcohol poisoning. Some types of perception disorders can occur in completely healthy people in terms of psychiatry.
Blue Caterpillar from Wonderland
“What you see, but which is not really there” - that’s it, a hallucination. Problems in perceiving reality as it really is are manifested by the emergence of pseudo-real images. Psychiatry, studying perception disorders, defines hallucinations as an image that appears in the mind and is defined as really existing, but without an external stimulus affecting human receptors. These images appear out of nowhere, so to speak, due to a disorder of perception. Psychiatrists divide hallucinations into several types:
- - represent vivid images that for the patient have certain shapes, colors, smells, and produce specific sounds. True hallucinations are perceived by the patient as a manifestation of reality through his senses, he tries to manipulate them, as if the phenomena or objects he sees exist in reality. In addition, according to a patient experiencing true hallucinations, all the people around him should perceive them in exactly the same way as he does.
- Pseudohallucinations are perceived by the patient as something unnatural, but really existing; it is devoid of brightness, often incorporeal, and can originate either from the body of the patient himself, or from areas not subject to his receptors. Often, false hallucinations are considered by the patient to be forcibly inserted into his body with the help of special devices, devices, machines, or due to mental influence exerted on him.
In addition to these two types, hallucinations are also divided according to the sense organs by which they can be caused:
- visceral;
- taste;
- visual;
- olfactory;
- auditory;
- tactile.
Each type of hallucination has its own scientific definition and can be divided into several subtypes, which is important for clinical psychiatry.
By the way, hallucinations can be suggested or caused. One of the methods of psychiatry uses the Aschaffenburg symptom, when the patient is allowed to listen to a previously switched off telephone, thus checking his readiness for auditory hallucinations. Or Reichardt's symptom - a symptom clean slate: the patient is given absolutely White list paper and are asked to talk about what is depicted on it. Hallucinations can also be functional, occurring against the background of stimulation of certain receptors and disappearing after the stimulus is removed. By the way, the image of the Blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah on a mushroom cap from Lewis Carroll’s fairy tale “Alice in Wonderland” is considered by many to be a classic hallucination.
Such a beautiful illusion
In psychiatry, there is another type of perception disorder - illusion. Everyone is familiar with this concept, even those who do not suffer from psychiatric perception disorders. People often use the expression “beautiful illusion, terrible illusion.” So what is it? Scientific definition One of the types of perception disorder sounds like an incorrect, erroneous perception of objects that exist in reality. Deception of feelings - that is what illusion is. For example, an illusion can occur when the level of stimulus is insufficient - in the dark it is very easy to mistake the outline of a bush for a human figure. So the emergence of illusions is not always the area of psychiatry. Characteristic features illusions are:
- object or phenomenon subject to sensory distortion: figure, voice, tactile or spatial sensation;
- distortion, incorrect perception and evaluation of a real object;
- the illusion is based on sensory perception, that is, a person’s receptors are actually affected, but it is perceived somewhat differently than it actually is;
- the feeling of the false as really existing.
Disorder visual perception- one of the most common illusions healthy people. Moreover, such an error may be of a physical or physiological nature. The physical nature of illusions has nothing to do with psychiatry; the same mirage in the desert has a logical basis, albeit not too simple, but proven by the exact science of physics. Clinical psychiatry considers psychopathological illusions:
- affective, arising against a background of fear or nervous excitability about impending danger;
- verbal, i.e. verbal, illusions - individual words or phrases that are heard by a person;
- pareidolic illusions - visual illusions that arise against the background of a real image by conjecturing images, for example, a pattern on wallpaper can become an illusion of the frightening content of the picture; Most often such illusions are observed in creative personalities For example, scientists have found that Leonardo da Vinci suffered from pareidolia.
The basis of illusions is disorders of perceptions and ideas about the world around us. They are not always pathological in nature. They are often caused by a distortion of perception due to an incorrect assessment of the functioning of the receptors.
Thinking and memory in perceptual disorders
What distinguishes Homo sapiens from all other living beings? Ability to think. Thinking - basic cognitive process, which combines into a logical picture surrounding a person world. Thinking is inextricably linked with perception and memory. All the processes that characterize man as a rational being have changed, developed and transformed over thousands of years. And if to begin with you only had to apply physical strength in order to satisfy his natural needs (food, reproduction and self-preservation), then over time man learned to build logical chains- think in order to get the desired result with less physical effort and harm to your health and life. To consolidate the favorable result obtained, memory began to develop - short-term, long-term, as well as other mental functions characteristic of people - imagination, the ability to see the future, self-awareness. Symbiosis of perception and thinking disorders - psychosensory disorders. In psychiatry, these disorders are divided into two main types:
- depersonalization can be manifested by both incorrect sensations of one’s body, the so-called mental depersonalization, and distorted concepts of one’s own “I” - mental depersonalization;
- Derealization manifests itself in a distorted perception of the surrounding world - space, time, dimensions, forms of the surrounding reality are perceived by the patient as distorted, although he is absolutely sure of the correctness of his vision.
Thinking is a human characteristic. Reasonable thinking is challenged by perceptual disturbances. Psychiatry, as a field of clinical medicine, is trying to find ways to resolve the disagreements caused by perceptual disorders in mental patients. With perceptual disorders, patients also exhibit a thinking disorder - delusions, obsessive thoughts, or which become the meaning of such a person’s life.
Psychiatry is a complex science about human mental illnesses, the area of which includes disorders of perception, memory, and thinking, as well as other mental functions. Moreover, any mental health problems are most often associated with a whole range of mental functions - from the functioning of the senses to short-term or long-term memory.
Why is the perception of reality disrupted?
When faced with psychiatric problems, the question arises: what are the causes of perception disorders? There can be a whole range of them: from alcohol and drug poisoning to a pathological state of the human psyche. Mental illnesses are quite difficult to diagnose, often due to the fact that a person cannot accurately describe his feelings, the events that happened or are happening to him, and initial stages illnesses are not always noticeable to others. Perception disorders can develop as a consequence of any diseases of internal organs or systems, as well as due to disruption of the processes of processing received information, analyzing it and obtaining a specific result. Psychiatric practice on this moment cannot absolutely accurately determine the causes of the development of perception disorders, except for intoxication, when the mechanism of pathology is precisely determined by the toxic substance. Disturbances in the perception of reality can and should cause caution among people around them, since often the patients themselves are in no hurry to turn to specialists, not considering these disturbances as something pathological. A timely identified problem with the perception of surrounding reality can help the patient avoid serious problems. Distorted reality - huge problem both for the patient and for the people around him, both mentally and physically.
Children's fantasies and perceptual disorders
Child psychiatry and psychology - special kind medicine. Children are great dreamers and inventors, and the increased reactivity of the child’s psyche and insignificant life experience do not give the child the opportunity to independently correct unreal sensations in time. That is why perception disorders in children are a special area of pedagogy, psychology and psychiatry. Visual and auditory illusions are one of the components of every person’s childhood. A scary fairy tale told at night becomes a real nightmare for the baby, hiding under the crib or in the closet. Most often, such disorders occur in evening time, the child’s fatigue and drowsiness affect. Scary tales and stories, especially those told to a baby at night, can become the basis for the development of a neurotic state. Hallucinations occur in children most often against the background of somatic and infectious diseases as a result of increased body temperature. The age at which such disorders most often manifest is 5-7 years. Hallucinations of this nature are elementary - sparks, contours or images of people, animals, and from the sounds children hear shouts, knocking, voices of birds or animals. All these visions are perceived by the child as a fairy tale.
Children of different ages may also suffer from manifestations of schizophrenia. In this case, all hallucinations acquire a complex, often ominous character. The plot of hallucinations is complex, often endangering the health or even the life of the baby. Children of older adolescence, which is 12-14 years old, are characterized by the development of taste and tactile hallucinations, the child begins to refuse previously loved foods, and his character and behavior change.
Pediatrics and child psychiatry classifies children with congenital disturbances of perception into a special group. In these cases, the child grows and learns to compensate for the lack of some sensations by enhancing the development of other sensory abilities. A classic example is that a child with congenital hearing loss has excellent vision, notes the smallest details, pays more attention to minor details of the surrounding reality.
Perception is the basis of knowledge of the surrounding world in all its manifestations. In order to feel, a person is given six sense organs and nine types of receptors. But in addition to sensations, the information received must be transmitted to the appropriate parts of the brain, where it undergoes a process of processing and analysis, compilation big picture reality based on a complex of sensations and life experiences. The result of perception is a picture of the surrounding reality. Violations in at least one link in the chain of obtaining a picture of the world lead to a distortion of reality. Psychiatry as a field of clinical medicine studies the causes of appearance, stages of development, signs and symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention of perception disorders, both individual phenomena and components of general human health problems.
Most of us perceive the surrounding reality quite superficially, especially when the surrounding space is well known to us. The process of our continuous thinking, distracting us from the sensory perception of reality, imposes on our unconscious a certain binding, definition, name that interprets the surrounding space on a comparative basis. Accordingly, we, being captive of this kind of thought forms, remain within the framework of a rather primitive, narrow-frequency awareness of reality.
It will be quite difficult for us to awaken spiritually if we do not stop this obsessive and uncontrollable distribution of names and titles.
What is needed?
First, you need to begin to realize this, practically learn to observe yourself from the outside at those moments when attachments occur. When the naming stops, a much-needed inner space. The process is objectively activated, even when we are just beginning to realize all this..
Method:
Select some nearby object - a pen, a chair, a cup, a plant - and examine it verbally, in other words, having shown true curiosity, begin to look at it with greater interest than usual. Avoid, at first, objects that evoke strong personal associations in you, objects with inscriptions - for example, books, etc. - they tend to stimulate thoughts... while remaining alert and relaxed, pay full attention to the details.
If thoughts come, don’t focus your attention on them; let them “flow”; we are not interested in them.
After a few minutes, look around the space around you, and, believe me, your vigilant (concentrated) attention will more clearly highlight every object on which it stops.
Now listen to the sounds. Be aware of them just as carefully and insightfully. They can be either natural (the sound of water, wind, bird voices), or created by man... they can be either pleasant or not at all - do not divide them into good and bad. Let each sound be as it is - don't interpret.
If you get into the habit of looking and listening in this way, you can begin to feel (become aware of) subtle (perhaps subtle at first) feelings of peace, harmony and tranquility.
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