Dostoevsky's novel was literally gained by the author's suffering and excites the minds of readers to this day. The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is not simple, it is very interesting. The writer put all his soul into this novel, which still haunts many thinking and thinking people.
The birth of an idea
The idea of writing a novel originated with Dostoevsky at a time when the writer was in hard labor in Omsk. Despite hard physical work, ill health, the writer continued to observe the life around him, for people whose characters, under conditions of imprisonment, were revealed from completely unexpected sides. And here, in hard labor, seriously ill, he decided to write a novel about crime and punishment. However, heavy hard labor and a serious illness did not make it possible to start writing it.
"All my heart will rely with blood on this novel,"
This is how Dostoevsky imagined the work on the work, calling it a novel-confession. However, the author was able to start writing it much later. Between the idea and its implementation, “Notes from the Underground”, “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Notes from the Dead House” were born. Many themes from these works, the problems of society described in them, found their place in Crime and Punishment.
Between dream and reality
After returning from Omsk, Dostoevsky's financial situation leaves much to be desired, worsening every day. And writing a huge problem-psychological novel took time.
Trying to earn at least a little money, the writer suggested that the editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine publish a short novel, The Drunk Ones. The author wanted to draw public attention to drunkenness. The plot was supposed to be connected with the Marmeladov family. The head of the family, a former official, dismissed from service, becomes an inveterate drunkard, and the whole family suffers.
However, the editor insisted on other conditions: Dostoevsky sold all the rights to publish the complete collection of his works for a meager fee. In accordance with the requirements of the editorial board, the author begins to write a novel, which must be submitted as soon as possible. So almost suddenly the writer began to work on the novel Crime and Punishment.
Start
Dostoevsky suffered from the disease of the player - he could not help playing. And, having received a fee from the magazine, the writer, having corrected his affairs a little, again succumbed to the gambling temptation. In Wiesbaden, he had nothing to pay for the table and light in the hotel. Thanks only to the kind disposition towards him of the owners of the hotel, Dostoevsky did not stay on the street.
To get the money, it was necessary to finish the novel on time, so I had to hurry. The writer decided to tell a story about how a poor student decided to kill and rob an old woman. The plot was supposed to be a story about one crime.
The author has always been interested in the psychology of his characters, and here it was extremely important to study and describe the psychological state of a person who took another's life, it was important to reveal the "crime process" itself. The writer had almost finished the novel, when suddenly the manuscript was destroyed for a completely incomprehensible reason.
Psychology of creativity
However, the novel had to be handed over to the editor under the contract. And the hard work began again. The first part of the magazine "Russian Messenger" was published already in 1866. The term for writing the novel was ending, and Dostoevsky's plan only gained more and more completeness. The history of the student is closely intertwined with the history of the drunkard Marmeladov and his family.
The writer was threatened with creative bondage. To avoid it, the author takes a break from Crime and Punishment for 21 days and writes a new novel, The Gambler, in just three weeks and takes it to the publisher.
Then he again continues to write a protracted novel about a crime. He studies the criminal chronicle and is convinced of the relevance of the chosen topic. He ends the novel in Lublin, where he lives at this time with his sister on the estate. The novel was completely finished and printed at the end of 1866.
Diary of a novel
It is impossible to study the history of writing a novel without studying the writer's drafts. Sketches and rough notes help to understand how much effort, work, soul and heart, how many thoughts and ideas the author has invested in his novel. They show how the idea of the work changed, how the range of tasks expanded, how the entire architecture of the composition of the novel was built.
The writer almost completely changed the form of the narrative in order to understand Raskolnikov's behavior and character in as much detail and as thoroughly as possible, to understand the motives for his actions and deeds. In the final version (third), the narration is already in the third person.
So the hero begins to live his own life, and completely independently of the will of the author, does not obey him. Reading the workbooks, it becomes clear how long and painfully Dostoevsky himself tries to figure out the motives that pushed the hero to the crime, but the author almost failed to do this.
And the writer creates a hero in which "two opposite characters alternate in turn." It is clearly seen how two extremes, two principles are simultaneously present and fighting with each other in Rodion: contempt for people and love for them.
Therefore, it was very difficult for the author to write the finale of the novel. Dostoevsky at first wanted to end with how the hero turned to God. However, the final version ends very differently. And this prompts the reader to think, and even after the last page of the novel is turned.
The idea of the novel
Objective reality, the living conditions of people living in the first half of the nineteenth century, are closely connected with the history of the creation of Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. In the work, the writer tried to express his thoughts on the pressing problems of contemporary society. He calls the book a novel - a confession. “My whole heart will rely with blood on this novel,” the author dreams.
The desire to write a work of this kind appeared in Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in hard labor in Omsk. The hard life of a convict, physical fatigue did not prevent him from observing life and analyzing what was happening. Being convicted, he decided to create a novel about a crime, but he did not dare to start work on a book. A serious illness did not allow making plans and took away all the moral and physical strength. The writer managed to bring his idea to life only a few years later. Over the years, several other famous works were created: “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Notes from the Underground”, “Notes from the House of the Dead”.
The issues raised in these novels will be reflected in Crime and Punishment.
Dreams and harsh reality
Life unceremoniously intervened in Dostoevsky's plans. The creation of a great novel took time, and the financial situation worsened every day. In order to earn money, the writer suggested that the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski publish a short novel, The Drunk Ones. In this book, he planned to draw public attention to the problem of drunkenness. The storyline of the story was supposed to be connected with the stories of the Marmeladov family. The main character is an unfortunate drunkard, dismissed official. The editor of the magazine put forward other conditions. The hopeless situation forced the writer to agree for a negligible price to sell the rights to publish the complete collection of his works and, at the request of the editors, write a new novel in a short time. So suddenly began hasty work on the novel "Crime and Punishment".
Starting work on a piece
Having signed the contract with the publishing house, F. M. Dostoevsky managed to improve his affairs at the expense of the fee, relaxed and succumbed to temptation. An enthusiastic player, he did not manage to cope with his illness this time either. The result was disastrous. The rest of the money is lost. Living in a hotel in Wiesbaden, he could not pay for light and meals, he did not end up on the street only at the mercy of the owners of the hotel. To finish the novel on time, Dostoevsky had to hurry. The author decided to briefly tell the story of one crime. The main character is a poor student who decided to kill and rob. The writer is interested in the psychological state of a person, “the process of crime”.
The plot was moving towards a denouement when, for some unknown reason, the manuscript was destroyed.
creative process
The feverish work began anew. And in 1866 the first part was published in the journal "Russian Messenger". The time allotted for the creation of the novel was coming to an end, and the writer's plan only expanded. The life story of the protagonist is harmoniously intertwined with the story of Marmeladov. To meet the requirements of the customer and avoid creative bondage, F. M. Dostoevsky interrupts work for 21 days. During this time, he creates a new work called "The Player", gives it to the publisher and returns to the creation of "Crime and Punishment". The study of the criminal chronicle convinces the reader of the relevance of the problem. “I am convinced that my story partly justifies the present,” wrote Dostoevsky. Newspapers told that cases when young educated people like Rodion Raskolnikov became murderers became more frequent. The printed parts of the novel were a great success. This inspired Dostoevsky, charged him with creative energy. He is finishing his book in Lublin, on his sister's estate. By the end of 1866, the novel was completed and published in Russkiy Vestnik.
diary of painstaking work
Studying the history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is impossible without the writer's draft notes. They make it possible to understand how much work and painstaking work on the word was invested in the work. The creative idea changed, the range of problems expanded, the composition was rebuilt. In order to better understand the character of the hero, Dostoevsky changes the form of the narrative in the motives of his actions. In the final third edition, the story is told in the third person. The writer preferred "a story from himself, and not from him." It seems that the main character lives his own independent life and does not obey his creator. The workbooks tell how painfully long the writer himself is trying to understand the motives for Raskolnikov's crime. Unable to find an answer, the author decided to create a character in which "two opposite characters alternate in turn." In Raskolnikov, two principles are constantly fighting: love for people and contempt for them. It was not easy for Dostoevsky to write the finale of his work. “Inscrutable are the ways in which God finds man,” we read in the writer’s draft, but the novel itself ends differently. It keeps us thinking, even after the last page has been read.
For six years, F. M. Dostoevsky developed the concept of the novel "Crime and Punishment", just during his penal servitude. That is why the first thought was to write about the ordeals of Raskolnikov. The story was not supposed to be long, but nevertheless a whole novel arose.
In 1865, Dostoevsky told the idea of his novel with the title "Drunk" to the publisher of the journal "Domestic Notes" A. A. Kraevsky, demanding three thousand rubles in advance for this. To which Fedor Mikhailovich was refused.
Not having a penny in his pocket, Dostoevsky concludes a slave agreement with the publishing house of F. T. Stellovsky. According to the contract, the poor writer undertakes to transfer the right to publish the complete collections of his work in three volumes, as well as to provide a new novel on ten sheets within a year. For this, Dostoevsky received three thousand rubles and, having distributed his debts, leaves for Germany.
Being a gambler, Fedor Mikhailovich is left without money, and subsequently without food and light. It was this state of his that helped to give birth to a work that became known to the whole world.
The new idea of the novel was the story of repentance for the crime of one poor student who killed a greedy old money-lender. Three people became the prototypes for creating the plot: G. Chistov, A. T. Neofitov and P. F. Lasener. All of them were young criminals of that time. In the same 1865, Dostoevsky did not find a balance between his thoughts, and as a result, he burned the first draft of the work.
Already at the beginning of 1866, the first part of "Crime and Punishment" was published. Inspired by the success, in the same year all six parts of the novel appear in the Russian Messenger. In parallel with this, Dostoevsky creates the novel The Gambler, which was promised to Stellovsky.
When creating the novel "Crime and Punishment", three draft notebooks were created that describe all the author's working stages.
"Crime and Punishment" reveals two main themes: the commission of a crime itself and the consequences of this action on the offender. From this came the name of the work.
The main purpose of the novel is to reveal the feelings for the life of the protagonist Raskolnikov, for what purpose he went to the murder. Dostoevsky was able to show how feelings of love and hatred for people resist in one person. And in the end, to receive forgiveness from the whole people.
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" teaches its reader to find human sincerity, love and compassion under all the gloomy masks of the surrounding society.
Option 2
Fedor Mikhailovich is a famous Russian writer of the 19th century. He created a greater number of novels, stories, in which he concluded all his life experience. Now his works are read with special trepidation. The most famous creation of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is the novel Crime and Punishment. It is included in the school curriculum. Of course, because every person who thinks about morality and ethics must study it.
This article presents the history of the creation of the most famous work of Dostoevsky.
In the autumn of 1859, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote to his brother that he was ready to start writing a novel in the winter. He had a plan in his head for a long time. He emphasized that it would be the confession of a criminal. In it, he is ready to accommodate all his life experience, acquired during his stay in hard labor. He thought about many things, lying on the bunk, when he was freezing in a damp cell. It was in the place of hard labor that the writer met a large number of people strong in spirit and morale. These people helped change Fyodor Mikhailovich's beliefs.
Six years later, Dostoevsky set to work. During this period, many other novels were written, but not the main one. The main theme of all those works was the idea of poverty, the humiliation of people who were forced to face all these difficulties in order to repent. In 1865 the work was written. It bore a name different from the current one - "Drunken". Dostoevsky brought it to the editorial office, where his creations were usually printed, but there Kraevsky said that there was no money for publication. Dostoevsky was saddened, but then turned to another editor. The novel was published, Dostoevsky received the money, distributed all the debts and went to travel. But the novel was not finished.
Initially, the emphasis was on the lives of poor people, who are called "drunk". Dostoevsky showed the life of the Marmeladov family, black Petersburg, showed all the cruel reality, after all, he was a realist after all. Dostoevsky is sure that all the poverty and beggary of people is purely their fault.
Then the writer went to Dresden and there he thought that it would be better for him to edit his work. And he brought the story of Raskolnikov into the novel, or rather, he revealed it many times in more detail. This means that the author wanted to pay attention to the criminal part of the work.
Despite the time, the work is still relevant today.
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Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote very wise words in his time, to this day, his statements are very relevant. And not only Leo Tolstoy argued that it is necessary to know the word, many other writers said the same thing.
F. M. Dostoevsky nurtured the idea of the novel “Crime and Punishment” for six years: in October 1859 he wrote to his brother: “In December I will start the novel. do you remember, I told you about one confession - a novel that I wanted to write after all, saying that I still need to
Survive. The other day I made up my mind to write it at once. All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on the bunk, in a difficult moment. ”- judging by the letters and notebooks of the writer, we are talking about the ideas of “Crime and Punishment” - the novel originally existed in the form of Raskolnikov's confession. In Dostoevsky's draft notebooks, there is such an entry: “Aleko killed. The consciousness that he himself is unworthy of his ideal, which torments his soul. Here is a crime and a punishment” (we are talking about Pushkin’s “Gypsies”).
The final plan is formed as a result of great upheavals that
Dostoevsky survived, and this plan combined two originally different creative ideas.
After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky finds himself in dire financial need. The threat of a debtor's prison looms over him. Throughout the year, Fyodor Mikhailovich was forced to turn to St. Petersburg usurers, interest-bearers and other creditors.
In July 1865, he offered the editor of Otechestvennye Zapiski, A. A. Kraevsky, a new work: “My novel is called The Drunkards and will be in connection with the current question of drunkenness. Not only the question is analyzed, but all its ramifications are also presented, mainly pictures of families, the upbringing of children in this environment, and so on. etc." Due to financial difficulties, Kraevsky did not accept the proposed novel, and Dostoevsky went abroad to focus on creative work away from creditors, but even there history repeats itself: in Wiesbaden, Dostoevsky loses everything at roulette, right down to his pocket watch.
In September 1865, addressing the publisher M. N. Katkov to the Russky Vestnik magazine, Dostoevsky outlined the idea of the novel as follows: “This is a psychological account of one crime. The action is modern, this year. A young man, expelled from the university students, a tradesman by birth and living in extreme poverty, out of frivolity, out of shakyness in concepts, succumbing to some strange, “unfinished” ideas that are in the air, decided to get out of his bad situation at once. He decided to kill an old woman, a titular adviser who gives money for interest. in order to make his mother, who lives in the county, happy, to save his sister, who lives as a companion with some landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of this landowner family - claims that threaten her with death, to complete the course, go abroad and then all his life to be honest, firm , unswerving in the fulfillment of the “humane duty to humanity”, which, of course, will already “make atonement for the crime”, if only this act against an old woman, deaf, stupid, evil and sick, who herself does not know why she lives in the world and who in a month, perhaps she would have died of herself.
He spends almost a month before the final catastrophe. There are no suspicions on him and cannot be. This is where the whole psychological process of crime unfolds. Unresolvable questions arise before the killer, unsuspected and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being compelled to denounce himself. Forced to die at hard labor, but to join the people again, the feeling of openness and separation from humanity, which he felt immediately after the commission of the crime, tormented him. The law of truth and human nature took their toll. The criminal himself decides to accept the torment in order to atone for his deed. “
Katkov immediately sends the advance payment to the author. F. M. Dostoevsky works on the novel all autumn, but at the end of November he burns all the drafts: “. much was written and ready; I burned everything. a new form, a new plan carried me away, and I started anew.”
In February 1866, Dostoevsky informed his friend A.E. Wrangel: “Two weeks ago the first part of my novel was published in the January book of Russkiy Vestnik. It's called Crime and Punishment. I've already heard a lot of rave reviews. There are bold and new things there.”
In the autumn of 1866, when “Crime and Punishment” was almost ready, Dostoevsky began again: under a contract with the publisher Stelovsky, he had to submit a new novel by November 1 (we are talking about “The Gambler”), and in case of failure to fulfill the contract, the publisher will receive the right for 9 years, "for free and as it pleases" to print everything that will be written by Dostoevsky.
By the beginning of October, Dostoevsky had not yet begun to write The Gambler, and his friends advised him to turn to the help of shorthand, which at that time was just beginning to enter life. The young stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, invited by Dostoevsky, was the best student of the St. Petersburg shorthand courses, she was distinguished by an extraordinary mind, a strong character and a deep interest in literature. The Gambler was completed on time and handed over to the publisher, and Snitkina soon becomes the writer's wife and assistant. In November and December 1866, Dostoevsky dictated to Anna Grigorievna the last, sixth part and epilogue of Crime and Punishment, which are published in the December issue of the Russky Vestnik magazine, and in March 1867 the novel is published as a separate edition.
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When was Crime and Punishment written? few people remember, although everyone remembers his story.
"Crime and Punishment" year of writing
The novel "Crime and Punishment" was written in 1866 writer F. M. Dostoevsky.
Dostoevsky wrote the novel from 1865-1866. "Crime and Punishment" reproduces the life of the urban poor, reflects the growth of social inequality and crime.
The novel was printed in parts from January to December 1866. Dostoevsky worked hard on the novel, in a hurry to add fresh chapters to each regular book of the magazine. Soon after the end of the publication of the novel in the journal, Dostoevsky publishes it in a separate edition: “A novel in six parts with an epilogue by F. M. Dostoevsky. Revised edition." For this edition, Dostoevsky made significant reductions and changes in the text: three parts of the magazine edition were converted into six parts, and the division into chapters was also partially changed.
The main motive of the novel "Crime and Punishment" This is a decline in morality. In his work, F. M. Dostoevsky talks about people living an intense spiritual life, who painfully, stubbornly seek the truth.
The writer shows the life of different social groups: the destitute urban people, crushed by need and humiliation, the educated poor, rebelling against evil and violence, successful businessmen. Dostoevsky deeply explores not only the inner world of an individual, but also his psychology. It poses complex social, moral and philosophical questions. The search for answers to these questions, the struggle of ideas - this is what forms the basis of the novel.