The main purpose of phraseological units is to express the speaker’s attitude and assessments of what is being expressed. For a Russian person, phraseological units are an expression of temperament, one of the forms of manifestation of the mind, a kind of game. They give speech imagery, brightness and expressiveness.

Phraseologisms are reproduced in speech entirely, as a single word, therefore, in semantic terms, they are equated to one word:
- keep informed – inform;
- reluctantly - reluctantly;
- to exhaust the soul - to harass.

The “stability” of phraseological units lies in the fact that their components are unchangeable. It is impossible in a stable expression to change at least the form of one of the words included in it - it will turn into nonsense and collapse. For example, the expression “in the sea”, used in “drops in the sea”, will lose the original meaning of the semantic unit, just like “sore spot” - “sore spots”.

The aesthetic role of phraseological units is the ability to select from many stable units one, the most accurate, and introduce it into the fabric of the narrative. The use of stable phrases in speech serves as an “antidote” against cliches.

Among set expressions There are combinations of book and conversational nature:
1) sink into oblivion; king for a day; Achilles heel.
2) bite your tongue, get caught up in the story, and sink into the water.

There are outdated phraseological units and completely new ones that have recently appeared:
1) without hesitation, with all the oners;
2) corridors of power, new Russians, things have gone crazy.

Phraseological units synonymous (close in meaning) and aonymous (with opposite meaning):
1) to lose heart - to lose heart; neither fish, nor meat - neither this nor that;
2) on knives - on a friendly foot; rolling up your sleeves - carelessly.

In sentences, such phrases are always one member of the sentence.

With help, you can figuratively and vividly characterize any phenomenon: a quarrel – “”, – “you can’t spill water”, uncertainty – “not at ease.”

Under the pen of talented publicists, writers, journalists, and scientists, phraseological turns become a source of unexpected puns, jokes and non-trivial images.

The use of phraseological units affects the imagination of the listener or reader, makes him empathize with what is said more strongly than with dry, purely logical speech.

Phraseologisms enrich and diversify speech, making it richer, more beautiful and more accurate. It is not without reason that they say that mastery is incomplete if you do not know and do not master phraseology.

Video on the topic

Sources:

Erudition. Phraseology of the Russian language

Heart- the main muscle of the body. This is a powerful pump that moves life-giving blood and lymph through the vessels, supplying oxygen and important substances other organs. Heart acts independently and does not depend on the brain, which controls all other internal organs and muscles.

Heart– the most hardworking organ, the work of which does not stop throughout life. This is a powerful engine of the body that supplies other organs and muscles with oxygen and nutrients through blood and lymph. Despite its importance, the heart is a relatively small organ; it is believed to be commensurate with the size of its owner’s fist. This organ has the shape of a slightly vertically flattened cone. The weight of a heart can reach 300 g for a person, but a baby weighs only 20-25 g and is shaped like a large strawberry. The work of the heart is complex cyclical process contraction, the stages of which last no more than a second. For example, at rest it contracts 60-70 times per minute; during physical activity, the heart rate can reach up to 160 beats per minute. Heart has a very complex structure, but it can be divided into two parts: left and right cameras, which operate in isolation from each other. The chambers, in turn, are divided into the atrium and ventricle. The work of the heart is controlled by a nerve node located in the right, it is responsible for the contractions of the organ and their frequency. The node sends signals to different parts of the heart, causing them to work. Blood from the body flows into the right chamber. This blood is depleted of oxygen because it has already carried it to its destination, so the heart sends it to the lungs. The blood is enriched with oxygen and returns to the left chamber, which, in turn, sends it further. Thus, blood supply to the body’s tissues is the main task of the heart, which acts as a natural pump. For full human life(about 70 years old) the heart makes about 2.5 million contractions. Contraction of the heart muscle consists of two stages: systole and diastole. These complex terms actually mean action and pause. Systole is the filling of blood from the body and its sending to the lungs. The receipt of oxygen-rich blood occurs during diastole (pause), when blood drains from the lungs for further distribution to the body's tissues. Diastole is a period of rest that lasts about 0.4 seconds. Thanks to the presence of its own nerve ganglion, the heart works in isolation from other organs of the body, the action of which is controlled by the brain. Nature has provided protection for the heart from possible external influences by placing it deep in the chest and covering it with the lungs. In addition, the heart has a protective shell, a kind of cover, which is the pericardium and consists of connective tissue.

Video on the topic

There are days when it seems like everything around you is stacked against you, and every minor setback only adds weight to your baggage. existing problems. In order not to hang your nose in such a situation, it is important to stop and turn it in the opposite direction.

To designate, name objects, actions, qualities, states, along with words, combinations of words are also used.

Let’s compare, for example, the conversation options among college students:

1)-- What did you do yesterday? - Nothing, they were gossiping and gossiping. - And we were idle all day. - Vasily was with you? -- Was. He told how his father scolded him. He yawns in class and doesn’t work at home.
2)-- What did you do yesterday? -- Nothing. They scratched their tongues, everyone's bones washed. - And we all day There were big bucks, they were pouring from empty to empty. - Was Vasily with you? -- Was. He told me how his father soaped his neck. He counts crows in class, but chases lazy people at home.

The meaning of the replicas is the same, but the means used to convey the content are different. Words and phraseological units are comparable in meaning:

gossip, gossip- scratch with tongues, wash bones;

sit back- to kick ass, to pour from empty to empty;

reprimand- soap your neck;

yawn (be inattentive)- count crows;

Not work- to chase the lazy person.

Features of phraseological units and their specificity

semantic phraseology

1. Phraseologisms, like words, are not created by the speaker, but are reproduced in finished form. They require memorization and are stored in our memory.
2. Words in phraseological units lose their semantic independence. The meaning is conveyed by the entire set of words-components of a phraseological unit. This value is called holistic. We may not know what thugs are and why they need to be beaten. However, we understand the meaning of the combination of kicking ass.
3. In a phraseological unit, you cannot replace words at will. If instead of catching crows in class you say catching cockroaches in class, then a free phrase appears in place of the phraseological unit and the meaning will be different.

Phraseologisms have great stylistic possibilities and make speech colorful and figurative.

They help to say a lot in a few words, since they define not only the object, but also its attribute, not only the action, but also its circumstances. Thus, a sustainable combination on a grand scale means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, without stinting on funds.” The phraseological phrase “to cover one’s tracks” means not just “to destroy, eliminate something,” but “to eliminate, destroy something that can serve as evidence of something.”

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to positively or negatively evaluate phenomena, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude. This is especially evident in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics: a person with capital letters, milk on the lips has not dried, telegraph pole, jack of all trades, absolute zero, wind in the head, bright personality, mind ward, white crow, not timid.

Of particular interest are phraseological units, the imagery of which acts as a reflection of the clarity, “picturesqueness” contained in the freest phrase, on the basis of which the phraseological unit is formed. For example, when preparing for work, we roll up our sleeves to make it easier to do the job; when meeting dear guests, we spread our arms wide, showing that we are ready to embrace them in our arms; When counting, if it is small, we bend our fingers for convenience. Free phrases that name such actions of people have a visual quality, a “pictorial quality” that is “inherited” to phraseological units: roll up one’s sleeves - “to do something diligently, diligently, energetically”; with open arms - “welcoming, cordially (to accept, meet someone)”; count on one's fingers - "very few, few."

In this chapter we examined the use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech, the phraseological innovation of writers and speech errors related to the use of phraseological units.

Stylistic coloring of phraseological units

Phraseological means of language, like vocabulary, are used in various functional styles and, accordingly, have one or another stylistic coloring.

The largest stylistic layer is colloquial phraseology (without a year, a week, in all Ivanovo, you can’t spill water), it is used mainly in oral communication and in artistic speech. Colloquial phraseology is close to Colloquial, more reduced (straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, in the middle of nowhere, tear your throat, turn up your nose).

Another stylistic layer is formed by book phraseology, which is used in book styles, mainly in writing. As part of book phraseology, one can distinguish scientific (center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic table), journalistic (shock therapy, live broadcast, Black Tuesday, law of the jungle), official business ( minimum wage, consumer basket, testify, confiscation of property).

It is possible to highlight a layer of commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book and colloquial speech (from time to time, each other, have meaning, keep in mind, keep your word, New Year). There are few such phraseological units. In emotionally expressive terms, all phraseological units can be divided into two groups; a large stylistic layer consists of phraseological units with a bright emotional and expressive coloring, which is due to their imagery, the use of expressive words in them linguistic means. Thus, phraseological units of a colloquial nature are colored in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous tones (neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like out of the blue, out of the frying pan and into the fire); books have a sublime, solemn sound (to stain one’s hands in blood, to pass away from life, to elevate creatures to pearls).

Another stylistic layer consists of phraseological units that are devoid of emotional and expressive coloring and are used in a strictly nominative function (punch a ticket, railroad, military-industrial complex, explosive device, agenda). Such phraseological units are not characterized by imagery, they do not contain evaluation. Among phraseological units of this type there are many compound terms ( securities, currency transactions, specific gravity, magnetic needle, punctuation marks, viral flu). Like all terms, they are characterized by unambiguity; the words that form them have direct meanings.

Stylistic use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech

In artistic and journalistic speech phraseological units are often used in their usual linguistic form with their inherent meaning. The introduction of phraseological units into the text, as a rule, is due to the desire of journalists to enhance the expressive coloring of speech. For example:

At the opening of yesterday's meeting, neither the speaker of the Duma nor any of the six vice-speakers were in the hall. Members of the Duma Council took the reins of government. Anatoly Lukyanov shook things up and, chairing a parliamentary meeting, gave the floor to Viktor Ilyukhin without the necessary discussion of the agenda.

The imagery inherent in phraseological units enlivens the narrative, often giving it a humorous, ironic overtone.

Humorists and satirists especially like to use phraseological units; they value colloquial, stylistically reduced phraseology, often resorting to shifting styles to create comic effect(this is not just a shot sparrow (about a graphomaniac occupying a high official position), but rather a sparrow taking aim at others). To stylize the author’s speech, which is perceived as a casual conversation between a conventional narrator and the reader, and in this case, reduced phraseological units recreate the picture of live communication (“Hn,” whined the director, who was touched by this idea; Western advertisers are not eager to share with the Russian budget ).

A striking stylistic effect is created by the parodic use of book phraseological units, often used in combination with foreign-style lexical and phraseological means. The very nature of phraseological units with vivid imagery stylistic coloring, creates the prerequisites for their use in expressive, and above all in artistic and journalistic speech. The aesthetic role of phraseological devices is determined by the author’s ability to select required material and enter it into the text. This use of phraseological units enriches speech.

The possibilities for using phraseological units are much wider than simply reproducing them in speech. Word artists can treat phraseological units as “raw materials” that are subject to “creative processing.” As a result of the phraseological innovation of writers and publicists, original verbal images arise, based on “played out” stable expressions. Creative processing of phraseological units gives them a new expressive coloring, enhancing their expressiveness. Most often, writers transform phraseological units that have a high degree of lexical stability and perform an expressive function in speech. At the same time, the changed phraseological units retain the artistic merits of the national ones - imagery, aphorism, rhythmic and melodic orderliness.

Stable combinations have existed in the history of language for a long time. Already in the eighteenth century, examples of phraseological units with explanations could be found in collections of idioms, catchphrases, aphorisms, and proverbs, although the lexical composition of the language had not yet been studied so closely. And only with the arrival of V.V. Vinogradov in science, a basis for the comprehensive study of set phrases appeared. It was he who laid the foundation for the development of phraseology and called it a linguistic discipline.

The famous linguist N.M. Shansky presented phraseological units as a fixed unit of language, reproduced in finished form and having two or more stressed components of a verbal nature. In addition to lexical indivisibility, phraseological units also have lexical meaning, are often synonymous words. As an example: " right hand- assistant”, “bite your tongue - shut up”.

The use of phraseological units in Russian, examples with explanation

We use various phraseological units in our native speech unnoticed by ourselves, due to the fact that they have become familiar since childhood. The most famous came to us from fairy tales, epics, folk legends, some from foreign languages. Original Russians include unique combinations that are found only in our native language and reflect Russian life, traditions and culture. Let's try to understand the meaning with the following example and explanation. Bread was considered the main product in Rus' - it managed to become a symbol of prosperity and good earnings. Therefore, phraseological units: “to take bread from someone” or “to eat bread for nothing” are understandable only to Russian people.

Metamorphicity and imagery are the main criteria of Russian phraseological units. It is the nationality inherent in the native language that allows you to understand stable phrases not at the level of speech, but at the level of the language model that you absorb with your mother’s milk. Even outdated phrases, the meaning of which has been forgotten, become understandable and close to us thanks to their imagery. Below we will look at common examples of phraseological units with explanations and their meaning.

Book and literary

Scope of use literary speech much narrower than colloquial or interstyle. Book phraseological units are used mainly in written sources and add a certain shade of solemnity, elation, and formality to the action. Examples, explanations and meaning of book phraseological units are below:

- do not allow the matter to proceed; postpone it for an indefinite period. Cloth refers to the woolen fabric that used to cover a desk. If any paper or folder went under the cloth, it means it remained unsigned and did not go into work.
"Raise on shield"- that is, to show honor, to speak with praise about someone. As an example, in the old days, winners were literally lifted onto a shield and carried high so that everyone could see and thank them.
“Write - it’s gone.” This is what they say about something that is obviously impossible to do due to the lack of certain conditions. In the nineteenth century, officials wrote down items in the expense book about the receipt and consumption of goods. The embezzlers usually ordered their clerk to make a note about the loss of goods with the words “Write - it’s gone.” At the same time, they took credit for the loss itself.
“Was there a boy?”- in this way extreme doubt about something is now expressed. The phraseological unit came from M. Gorky’s novel “The Life of Klim Smagin,” which describes the scene of children skating. When the guys fall under the water, Klim is the first to save the girl. Then he throws his belt to the boy, but, fearing that he himself might drown, he lets him go. While searching for a drowned child, Klim hears a voice saying the phrase: “Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy?”
"The Muslin Young Lady"- this is how they speak disparagingly about a pampered girl who is absolutely not adapted to life. The passage is taken from N. G. Pomyalovsky’s story “Pittish Happiness.”
"Bear Corner"- remote settlement, outback. The expression was first used by P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky in novel of the same name about one of the distant towns of Russia.
"Hit a nerve"- another book phraseological unit, the history of which goes back to the times when slaves were branded. Cauterization caused extreme pain, especially when touching the healing wound. This turn of phrase becomes relevant when the conversation touches on topics that cause mental anguish in the interlocutor.
"Scapegoat"- the one on whom responsibility for someone else’s guilt is shifted. The phrase refers to literary phraseological units and has ancient origin. The biblical tradition speaks of the rite of absolution. The priest laid his hand on an ordinary goat, as if transferring sins from a person to an animal, which was later expelled into the desert.
"Like water off a duck's back"- it doesn’t matter. The goose's plumage is covered with a special lubricant that prevents the bird from getting wet. Water does not wet a goose's wings. Thanks to this fat, it remains dry.

Examples of colloquial and borrowed phraseological units

Colloquial phraseological units are firmly entrenched in our speech. They are convenient to convey a thought to the interlocutor, especially when ordinary words are not enough to convey the emotional coloring of the phrase. Borrowed phraseological units are calques and semi-calques taken from other languages by literal translation of sayings. There are phraseological units that simply correlate in meaning with set expressions in other languages. Their examples: “white crow” sounds like “rare bird” in English, and the expression “hanging by a thread” is replaced by the combination “hanging by a thread.” Other examples of phraseological units with explanations and meaning:

"First among equals"- that is, the best or leading. Borrowed from the Latin “Primus inter pare”, which is literally translated. This title was held by Emperor Augustus even before accepting his high title. In this way his prestige was maintained.
“A good (cheerful) face at bad game» - that is, hide your experiences and failures behind an external calm appearance. Moreover, “mine” is literally translated from the old Breton language as “facial expression”.
“What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull.” The phrase was first uttered by Publius Terence Afr. It is used when it is necessary to stop unfounded claims by indicating to the disputant his inferior place.
"Eat a peck of salt"- common colloquial phraseology. This is an example of a long life together. In the system of measures, a pound is equivalent to 16 kg. To consume such an amount of salt, you need to live together for a huge period of time, during which people learn almost everything about each other.
“There is nothing behind the soul”- this is how it is customary to talk about a poor person. According to popular belief, the human soul was located in the dimple in the neck. In the old days, it was customary to store money and jewelry there. If there was nothing to hide in the dimple, then it was believed that there was nothing “behind the soul.”
- that is, have a light snack. The expression is a calque from the French “tuer le ver”, which has literal translation- “drink a glass of alcohol on an empty stomach.” It was assumed that alcohol, taken with a minimal snack, destroyed helminths in the body.
“The reins have fallen by the wayside”- a colloquial phraseological unit denoting reckless actions of someone. The expression was once used in the literal sense, and not figuratively, in relation to horses, in which the rein that fell under the tail caused pain and forced them to perform thoughtless actions.
"Hack on the nose"- remember once and for all. In former times, illiterate people carried tablets with them everywhere, on which they wrote notes for memory with notches. The “nose” in this case is not an organ of smell, but a wearable thing.

Medical and other professional expressions with explanation

Some phraseological units are taken from the oral speech of people of various professions. These include the following sentences with phraseological units:

"The Shoemaker's Breast"- a medical term that has its own meaning and explanation. This is what is called a funnel-shaped chest. The lower part of the sternum is what shoemakers have in mind professional activity pressed inward, due to which the volume of the chest is significantly reduced.
- this is what they say about unproductive work. As an example: in the old days, the pharmacist wrote exactly this recipe directly on the bottles of medicine. This meant that treatment should be carried out slowly in order to respond in time to the appearance of allergic manifestations. If for a patient this approach is completely justified, then for a working person it is an indicator of laziness and indecisiveness.
"Spell your teeth"- distract from the pressing problem with extraneous conversations. Unlike dentists, healers can use spells to temporarily eliminate pain. However, they do not treat the teeth themselves and the problem remains unresolved.
"Sit in the liver"- get bored, poison life. IN Ancient Rus' the liver was considered the seat of human vitality. It was believed that a person who interferes with life takes away free energy, which means he sits in the liver and directly draws other people’s strength from there.
"With bated breath"- that is, carefully, not missing even the little things. In medicine, to clear the chest for a correct diagnosis, you need to hold your breath for several minutes. It is believed that a person who holds his breath will get the highest quality result.
"Rolling up my sleeves"- act diligently and energetically, without regretting it own strength. If you remember, in the old days it was customary to wear clothes with long sleeves - for some the length reached 95 cm. It was impossible to work in such clothes. To do anything useful, you first had to roll up your sleeves, after which things progressed much faster.
"Through the Sleeves"- lazy, slow, without proper enthusiasm. This phraseological unit exists in contrast to the previous one and has a similar explanation. That is, deflated long sleeves were not allowed to do the work properly.
"Wait by the sea for weather"- do nothing, expect the situation to resolve itself. This term comes from the speech of sailors who, before going out fishing, always monitored the weather and waited for a favorable period so as not to get caught in a storm.

Stable and neutral phrases and their meaning

In contrast to colloquial expressions, which are more figurative, phrases that do not have an emotional connotation are considered neutral. Examples of such phraseological units with explanations and their meaning:

“He can’t find a place for himself”- that is, he is worried. This is what they say about a person who is in a state of strong concern about someone.
"Without straightening your back"- means working hard and persistently. This is what they said about the plowmen who worked in the fields from morning to night.
- torment you with requests and conversations about the same thing.
"Losing spirit"- completely lose faith in your own abilities.
"Looking at the night"- that is, before dark, when public transport no longer runs and the risk of becoming a victim of bad circumstances increases. In addition, there are many examples that a person will not have time to do anything significant late in the evening, since the body’s daytime resources have been exhausted.
"Stay with your nose" or fail. Examples of using the expression: when someone allows themselves to be fooled and does not get what they expected. In the old days, the word “nose” meant a bow with an offering. “Nose” - that is, “brought.” The rich usually came to the officials with money, the poor brought a pig, chicken, and eggs. In exchange for offerings, clerks made decisions in favor of the one bringing the gifts. A bad sign was that an official would not accept his “nose” if he was too modest. At the same time, the person asking remained with his gift, that is, “without his nose” and did not receive what he wanted.
"Wash the Bones"- that is, to gossip, slander, analyze the actions of another person. It was once believed that a sinner under a curse could emerge from the grave as a ghoul. To free him from the spell, it was necessary to dig up the grave and wash the bones with clean water.

In the examples given above, we see that the appropriate use of phraseological units saturates our speech and allows us to make communication emotionally rich and interesting. Sentences with phraseological units add “zest” to the conversation and are perceived by everyone as a completely natural element of speech that enhances its meaning.

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Introduction

I was interested in the topic “Phraseological Units.” I decided to learn more about stable combinations, their meaning, origin, and appearance in the Russian language. I decided to research phraseological units and try to understand how often they occur in speech and what they mean. Based on this, I had questions: “Do all the guys know what phraseological units are? Are there phraseological units that are used more often than others? Do the guys in our class know the meaning of phraseological units? I became interested, and I decided to learn as much as possible about phraseological units by conducting some search work.

Relevance of the topic due to the fact that in everyday life When faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units in speech because they do not know their meanings. Before graduates of grades 9 and 11 passing the OGE, The EGE sets the task: to know and understand the meaning of idioms, to be able to use phraseological units in speech.

The purpose of my work: explore the use of phraseological units in speech, arouse interest among peers in the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech.

Object of study: oral speech and materials from surveys of teachers and students.

Subject of research: phraseological units.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following problems:

search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units;

find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;

get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;

compile a dictionary “Learn phraseology”

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature;

collection of information;

survey - questioning;

observation;

study.

Hypothesis testing: Having collected information about phraseological units, conducting research and observations, I compiled the “Learn Phraseologism” dictionary. In my opinion, this material helps to study not only the Russian language, but the history, traditions, customs of Russian and other peoples.

Brief overview of the literature and sources used

When writing this work, scientific and educational methodological literature was used.

In the book L.A. Vvedenskaya, M.T. Baranov “Russian Word”” contains theoretical information on the course “Vocabulary and Phraseology of the Russian Language”.

In the dictionaries of A.V. Zhukov and V.P. Zhukov includes phraseological units used in modern Russian. All dictionary entries contain vividly illustrated material, and some are supplied with historical and etymological information.

In the book by A.I. Molotov’s “Fundamentals of Phraseology of the Russian Language” talks about the science of etymology in an accessible form.

M.I Stepanov “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language.” This dictionary includes phraseological units that were used in the texts fiction. Each phraseological unit has an interpretation, characteristics, and information about its origin.

The dictionaries were reviewed and a selection of phraseological units was made, the total volume of which was 113 units.

As a result of the study, it was proven that the study of phraseological units is important for learning the language itself. Phraseologisms are closely related to vocabulary; the study of idioms helps to understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Russian phraseological units reflected historical events, expressed the people's attitude towards them, which allows us to better understand the history and character of our people.

As a result of the study, it was revealed that

Russian phraseological units reflected historical events and expressed the people's attitude towards them;

Getting to know Russian phraseology allows you to better understand the history and character of our people.

Thanks to phraseological units our vocabulary the richer the person becomes, the more interesting, the more clearly a person expresses his thoughts;

Studying phraseology is important for improving a person’s speech and improving his speech culture.

Practical value of the project is that the collected materials on phraseological units reflecting historical processes, can be used when studying the topic “Vocabulary and Phraseology”, as well as in extracurricular activities. Knowledge of phraseological units and the ability to find them in the text enables students to prepare successfully for Olympiads, and graduates of grades 9 and 11 to complete certain tasks of the OGE, EGE.

Chapter I Theoretical part

1.1.Definition and features of phraseological units

What are “phraseologisms”?

To answer this question, I looked at several sources: dictionaries, encyclopedias, Internet portals.

Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov gives the following definition: “ Phraseologism - a stable expression with independent meaning.”

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia(1969-1978) there is the following definition of this concept:

Phraseologism- phraseological unit, a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and known speakers of this language meaning (in most cases figurative) that is not deduced from the meaning of its constituent components. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use.

Thus, I found out that phraseological units are stable combinations that form a semantic unity and perform the function of a separate word. The words that make up a phraseological unit together do not mean at all what they mean separately. In free phrases, one word can be replaced by another if it fits the meaning (for example: eat apple, eat candy, teach lessons , did lessons). Phraseologisms do not allow such replacement. It would not occur to anyone to say “the cat cried” instead of “the cat cried”, or “to scatter with the mind” or “to throw out the head” instead of “to scatter with the mind.”

1.2. Use and origin of phraseological units

Phraseologisms used in modern language, have different origins. Some arose in the distant past, others were created in recent decades.

According to their origin, phraseological units can be divided into the following groups:

Groups of phraseological units
Phraseologisms, the origin of which is connected with the history of our country, with the customs and rituals of our ancestors.	Climb the wall, climb (all over) Ivanovskaya, Potemkin villages, shelve them, beat them head on, face after face.
Phraseologisms that arose in one or another professional environment or came to literary language from jargon.	Beat the odds, get into trouble, cut like nuts, play the first violin, take the shot, rub in points, bet on the card.
Expressions from the pages works of art Russian and foreign literature and became winged.	It’s a disservice to shoe a flea like a squirrel in a wheel, Demyan’s ear, to grandfather’s village, to fight with windmills.
Phraseological phrases that came to us from the Old Church Slavonic language.	Daily bread, prodigal son, carry your cross, bury your talent in the ground, Thomas is an unbeliever.
Phraseologisms of biblical origin.	Holy of holies, by God's grace, manna from heaven, sprinkle ashes on your head.
Phraseological phrases of ancient origin (from mythology, literature, history).	Apple of discord, Achilles heel, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, cut the Gordian knot, the golden mean.
Borrowed phraseological units from other languages (translation of foreign expressions).	Not at ease, dotting the i's, blue stockings, a storm in a teacup, being a fiasco, castles in the air.
Phraseologisms, which are stable combinations in origin - terms of science.	Lead to common denominator, star of the first magnitude, chain reaction.

1.3. Sources of phraseological units

All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided into two groups by origin: 1) Russian origin; 2) borrowed from other languages.

A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A striking example of such phraseological units are the following stable combinations: You can’t tuck it into your belt, where the crayfish spend the winter, you can’t lure it with a roll.

Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the emergence of phraseological units. Here are examples of phraseological units from Russian folk tales: the beaten is lucky for the unbeaten, Koschey the Immortal. There are stable expressions derived from proverbs: chasing two birds with one stone- from the proverb “If you chase two hares, you won’t catch either”; without a king in my head(“frivolous person”) from the proverb: “Your mind is the king in your head.”

The origin of some phraseological units is associated with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, phraseological units originate from carpenters: without a hitch, without a hitch, remove the chips. From the shoemakers - two pair of boots, made for one block.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here are some of them: I didn't even notice the elephant(I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”; monkey's work(I. Krylov) - “vain, fussy work”;

In Russian phraseology there are a considerable number of phraseological units that came to us from other languages. Basically, these are expressions related to Greek mythology: for example expression Augean stables, meaning “a neglected room or a disorder that is difficult to remove,” is associated with the myth of Hercules, who cleaned the huge stables of King Augeas.

Thus Having considered the ways of origin of set expressions, I came to the following conclusions:

Phraseologisms have long been used in people's speech;

The origin of phraseological units is connected with the traditions, customs, and crafts of Russian people;

Many phraseological units came into our speech from oral folk art, literary works, Greek mythology.

Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names: catchphrases, aphorisms,

idioms, proverbs and sayings.

M.V. Lomonosov called stable combinations “Russian proverbs”, “phrases”, “idiocies”, proposing to include them in the dictionary.

Chapter II. Practical part

2.1.Results of the survey on the topic “Phraseological units in our speech”

After studying the theoretical part, it was very interesting to find out whether the students of our school and parents are familiar with the concept of “phraseologism”, what phraseological units they know, and whether they use them in speech. I developed questionnaires for school students and parents ( Appendix 1 Questionnaire).

The purpose of the survey: to find out whether they know what phraseological units are, whether they are often used in everyday speech.

10 students and 5 parents took part in the survey. A total of 15 people were interviewed.

So, I got the following results:

Diagram 1

To the question: “Do you know what phraseological units are?”

answered: - “yes” - 7 students (53%);

- “no” - 8 students (47%).

To the question: “Where are phraseological units most often found?”

Give examples of phraseological units, answered:

Adults: in fairy tales, in proverbs;

Children: in prose, fables

Everyone gave examples: nod off, go crazy, break into pieces, kill on the nose

To the question: Where did phraseological units come from?

Adults: most don't know; from the Bible, myths;

Children: most don’t know, from Ancient Rus'

Diagram 2

Explain the meaning of the following expressions:

Diagram 3

To the question: “ Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

answered: - “yes” - 8 students (53%);

- “no” - 3 students (20%).

- “rarely”-4 students (27%)

Additionally, I conducted a survey of six residents of the village of Lopukhinka from 17 to 52 years old, inviting them to answer the questions of the questionnaire.

I got the following results:

Do you know what a phraseological unit is? - everyone knows

Where are phraseological units most often found?

In colloquial speech - 5 people,

in books - 1 person.

Give examples of phraseological units: cut down on the nose, make a molehill out of a molehill, an eye for an eye, know by heart, neither fluff nor feather...

Where did phraseological units come to us from? - from fairy tales, from myths, from the Bible

Do you use it in your speech? - everyone does.

Thus, I found out that the majority of survey participants know phraseological units and use them in their speech ( diagram 1).

At the same time, the survey showed that there are children who are not familiar with the concept of “phraseologism”; some students cannot name them or know very few stable combinations of words and, as a result, do not use them in speech. ( diagram 2, 3).

Based on the above, I came to the conclusion that schoolchildren need a dictionary of phraseological units and visual material to enrich their speech with more vivid, figurative, emotional expressions.

2.2.Creation of a phraseological dictionary and thematic booklets.

I decided to create my own dictionary of phraseological units .(Appendix 2) This dictionary explains the meanings of phraseological units, will also add historical and etymological information about the origin of phraseological units, and will provide illustrative material for some of them. To create the dictionary, 26 phraseological units that were most frequently encountered in everyday life were selected. The presentation of the dictionary was offered to the children for familiarization and further use in their work.

After studying the dictionary, I played the game “Learn phraseological units.”

All the guys completed the task and were able to correctly connect the phraseological unit with its meaning. After the guys studied the dictionary, their speech became more vivid and expressive, the guys began to use phraseological units in their speech.

Conclusion

Having considered this topic and having studied the relevant literature, I:

Found out what it is phraseological units.

I learned that phraseological units exist throughout the history of the language, but the system of phraseological units is not once and for all unchangeable; new phraseological units inevitably appear in modern speech

I learned that the sources of phraseological units are different.

The use of phraseological units enriches and enlivens our speech.

I found out whether the students of our school and their parents, residents of the village of Lopukhinka, use phraseological units in their speech.

In the future, I will continue to study literature on this topic and pay attention to the peculiarities of the Russian language, and I will continue to work on compiling the second part of the dictionary. I believe that the collected materials on this topic can be successfully used in Russian language lessons, as well as in extracurricular activities.

Target research work: to explore the use of phraseological units in speech, to arouse interest among peers in the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech, achieved.

Conclusion: it is necessary to constantly replenish your vocabulary, learn to use phraseological units in your speech; it is necessary to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists

Beautiful correct speech - undoubted dignity, both adults and children. A person who knows the phraseology of his native language and knows how to use it usually expresses thoughts easily, doesn't mince words.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. Baranov M.T. Russian Word.- M.: Education, 2003.- 384 p.

2. Zhukov A.V. Lexico - phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. -361 p.

3. Zhukov A.V., Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. -M.: Education, 2003. -167 p.

4.Memerovich A.M. Phraseologisms in Russian speech: dictionary. -M AST, 2005.-213 p.

5. Molotkov A.I. Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2006. -248 p.

6. Stepanov M.I. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language - St. Petersburg: Victoria Plus, 2003.-608 p.

Appendix 1

Questionnaire Use of phraseological units

Friends!

We ask you to answer the questions in the questionnaire for conducting research work on phraseological units

1. Do you know what a phraseological unit is?

2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

3. Where are phraseological units most often found?

_________________________________________

4. Give examples of phraseological units you use. (if you use it)

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Where did phraseological units come to us from?

__________________________________________________________

6. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units:

Bite your tongue - ________________________________________

The cat cried -___________________________________________

Hit with the forehead-______________________________________________________________

Sit in galoshes - ___________________________________________________

Down the drain - _______________________________________________________

Hit with your forehead - ______________________________________________________________

Appendix 2

Material for creating a dictionary

“KNOW PHRASEOLOGISM”

The dictionary will contain pictures of phraseological units, and back side sheet - material about what this phraseological unit means.

Like a chicken paw - writing or drawing is illegible, incomprehensible and ugly. If you observe chickens and the marks they leave on the ground with their paws, you will notice that they form intricate patterns. "After four years art school I still draw like a chicken with its paw.”

Work carelessly a careless, irresponsible attitude to work, a desire to do everything clumsily, carelessly, lazily, that is, “carelessly.” Careless, lazy people read, write, study, take care of their duties carelessly, sew, build, manage - in a word, do any kind of work.

White Crow

Let's start with the obvious. Crows are usually black, sometimes black and gray, but never white. Albinos are generally a rare phenomenon. Hence, the white crow (see below for the meaning of the phraseological unit) is an object that stands out strongly from the general series. This is not just a quantitative difference, but a natural internal feature of something that creates a completely different idea of \u200b\u200bthe state of affairs. Vague wording. Examples will help us clarify this.

Cat in a poke means purchasing something without knowing anything about the advantages or disadvantages of the purchase.

Hack on the nose remember firmly, once and for all.

It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Unnecessary fear. Word nose here it does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a memorial tablet, a tag for notes. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such tablets with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches and cuts. These tags were called noses.

Crocodile tears

Since ancient times, many peoples have believed that a crocodile cries when it eats its prey. And it seems that he is crying out of pity for the one he is now eating. Since “this cannot be, because it can never be,” then the expression crocodile tears(or shedding crocodile tears) in a figurative sense means to hypocritically show regret to one’s victim, to hypocritically worry, to show feigned condolences.

In fact, a crocodile has glands under its eyes through which excess salt is removed from the body, which looks very similar to tears. By the way, our human tears also partially perform the function of removing salts - try your tears on your tongue - they are salty.

It's in the bag

Several centuries ago, when mail in its current form did not exist, all messages were delivered by messengers on horseback. There were a lot of robbers wandering along the roads back then, and a bag with a package could attract the attention of robbers. Therefore, important papers, or, as they used to be called, affairs, were sewn under the lining of a hat or cap. This is where the expression came from - “ it's in the hat"This phraseological unit means that everything is fine, everything is in order. About the successful completion, outcome of something

Hold the bull by the horns

Do something firmly, decisively and consistently.

Sharpen the laces

The Semenov balusters have long been famous on the Volga. They made curly blocks from aspen blocks balusters for decorating railings, balcony handrails, window frames. This work was considered relatively easy and frivolous: this is not for you to build a house. Balusters sharpened balusters (or laces) and sang and had a lively, playful conversation.

Phraseologism “sharpen the lasses” means: talk, chat.

Get into trouble

In Ancient Rus' trouble- “a stake, pole, spear sharpened at one end.” Daredevil hunters went after the bear with a stake in front of them. Running into trouble, the beast died.

This is where the saying comes from get into trouble. Its meaning is: “to run into big troubles” of your own free will.”

Disservice- an inept, awkward service that brings harm instead of help. The phraseological unit goes back to I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Hermit and the Bear,” which tells about the friendship of the hermit with a bear. One day the hermit lay down to sleep, and the bear kept the flies away from him. I brushed the fly off my cheek, it landed on my nose, then on my forehead. The bear took a heavy cobblestone and used it to kill a fly on his friend’s forehead.

Gogol to walk

Gogol is a wild duck. He walks along the shore importantly, waddling, sticking his chest forward and proudly throwing his head back. They say about a person who walks importantly and strides that he walks like a gogol.

The most famous phraseological units of the Russian language

Augean stables

First clear out these Augean stables, and then you can go for a walk.

Meaning. A cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disarray.

Origin. Lived in ancient Elis, is told in ancient Greek legend, King Augeas, a passionate lover of horses: he kept three thousand horses in his stables. However, the stalls in which the horses were kept had not been cleaned for thirty years, and they were overgrown with manure up to the roof.

Hercules was sent to serve Augeas, and the king instructed him to clean the stables, which no one else could do.

Hercules was as cunning as he was powerful. He directed the waters of the river into the gates of the stables, and a stormy stream washed away all the dirt from there within a day.

The Greeks sang this feat along with the other eleven, and the expression “Augean stables” began to be applied to everything neglected, polluted to the last limit, and generally to denote great disorder.

Arshin swallow

It stands as if it had swallowed an arshin.

Meaning. Standing unnaturally straight.

Origin. The Turkish word “arshin”, meaning a measure of length of one cubit, has long become Russian. Before the revolution, Russian merchants and craftsmen constantly used arshins - wooden and metal rulers seventy-one centimeters long. Imagine what a person must look like after swallowing such a ruler, and you will understand why this expression is used in relation to prim and arrogant people.

Overeat henbane

In Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” the old man, outraged by the shameless greed of his old woman, angrily says to her: “Why, woman, have you eaten too much henbane?”

Meaning. Behaving absurdly, viciously, like a madman.

Origin. In the village, in the backyards and landfills, you can find tall bushes with dirty yellowish flowers with purple veins and an unpleasant odor. This is henbane - a very poisonous plant. Its seeds resemble poppy seeds, but whoever eats them becomes like a madman: he raves, goes on a rampage, and often dies.

Lead by the nose

The smartest man, more than once or twice he led the enemy by the nose.

Meaning. Deceive, mislead, promise and fail to deliver.

Origin. The expression was associated with fairground entertainment. Gypsies took bears to show by wearing a nose ring. And they forced them, poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of a handout.

Hair on end

Horror gripped him: his eyes rolled out, his hair stood on end.

Meaning. This is what they say when a person is very scared.

Origin. “Standing on end” means standing at attention, on your fingertips. That is, when a person gets scared, his hair seems to stand on tiptoes on his head.

That's where the dog is buried!

Ah, that's it! Now it’s clear where the dog is buried.

Meaning. That's the thing, that's the real reason.

Origin. There is a story: the Austrian warrior Sigismund Altensteig spent all his campaigns and battles with his beloved dog. Once, during a trip to the Netherlands, a dog even saved its owner from death. The grateful warrior solemnly buried his four-legged friend and a monument was erected on his grave, which stood for more than two centuries - until early XIX century.

Later, the dog monument could only be found by tourists with the help of local residents. At that time, the saying “That’s where the dog is buried!” was born, which now has the meaning: “I found what I was looking for,” “I got to the bottom of it.”

But there is a more ancient and no less probable source of the saying that has come down to us. When the Greeks decided to give the Persian king Xerxes a battle at sea, they put old men, women and children on ships in advance and transported them to the island of Salamis.

They say that a dog that belonged to Xanthippus, the father of Pericles, did not want to part with its owner, jumped into the sea and swam after the ship to Salamis. Exhausted from fatigue, she died immediately.

According to the testimony of the ancient historian Plutarch, a cinema sema was erected for this dog on the seashore - a dog monument, which was shown to the curious for a very long time.

Some German linguists believe that this expression was created by treasure hunters who, out of fear of evil spirits, supposedly guarding every treasure, did not dare to directly mention the purpose of their search and tentatively began to talk about a black dog, implying both the devil and the treasure.

Thus, according to this version, the expression “that’s where the dog is buried” meant: “that’s where the treasure is buried.”

Add the first number

For such deeds, of course, they should get paid the first day!

Meaning. Severely punish or scold someone

Origin. Well, well, this expression is familiar to you... And where did it come from on your unfortunate head! You won't believe it, but... from the old school, where students were flogged every week, regardless of whether they were right or wrong. And if the mentor overdoes it, then such a spanking would last for a long time, until the first day of the next month.

Rub glasses

Don't believe it, they're trying to bully you!

Meaning. Deceive someone by presenting the matter in a distorted, incorrect, but beneficial light for the speaker.

Origin. We are not talking about glasses that are used to correct vision. There is another meaning of the word "glasses": red and black marks on playing cards. For as long as there have been cards, there have been dishonest players and cheaters. In order to deceive their partner, they resorted to all sorts of tricks. They knew how, by the way, to quietly “rub in points” - to turn a seven into a six or a four into a five, on the go, during the game, by gluing in a “point” or covering it with a special white powder. It is clear that “to rub in glasses” came to mean “to cheat”, hence the birth of special words: “fraud”, “fraud” - a trickster who knows how to embellish his work, pass off the bad as very good.

Goal like a falcon

Who should I kind word says? After all, I'm an orphan all around. Goal like a falcon.

Meaning. Very poor, beggar.

Origin. Many people think that we're talking about about the bird. But she is neither poor nor rich. In fact, the “falcon” is an ancient military battering gun. It was a completely smooth (“bare”) cast iron block attached to chains. Nothing extra!

Naked truth

This is the state of affairs naked truth without embellishment.

Meaning. The truth is as it is, without mincing words.

Origin. This expression is Latin: Nuda Veritas [nuda veritas]. It is taken from the 24th ode of the Roman poet Horace (65 - 8 BC). Ancient sculptors allegorically depicted truth (truth) in the form of a naked woman, which was supposed to symbolize the true state of affairs without silence or embellishment.

Onion grief

Do you know how to cook soup, dear onion.

Meaning. A klutz, an unlucky person.

Origin. The caustic volatile substances contained in abundance in the onion irritate the eyes, and the housewife, while crushing the onion for her cooking, sheds tears, although there is not the slightest grief. It is curious that tears caused by the action of irritants differ in chemical composition from sincere tears. Fake tears contain more protein (this is not surprising, since such tears are designed to neutralize caustic substances that enter the eye), so fake tears are slightly cloudy. However, every person knows this fact intuitively: there is no faith in muddy tears. And onion grief is not called grief, but a passing nuisance. Most often, they turn half-jokingly, half-sorrowfully to a child who has done something strange again.

Bring to white heat

Vile guy, drives me crazy.

Meaning. Make you angry to the limit, drive you crazy.

Origin. When metal is heated during forging, it glows differently depending on the temperature: first red, then yellow, and finally blinding white. At a higher temperature, the metal will melt and boil. An expression from the speech of blacksmiths.

Smoke rocker

In the tavern the smoke stood like a yoke: songs, dances, shouting, fighting.

Meaning. Noise, din, disorder, turmoil.

Origin. IN old Rus' huts were often heated black: the smoke escaped not through the chimney, but through a special window or door. And they predicted the weather by the shape of the smoke. The smoke is coming in a column - it will be clear, dragging - towards fog, rain, a rocker - towards the wind, bad weather, or even a storm.

Hack on the nose

And get this in your head: you won’t be able to deceive me!

Meaning. Remember it firmly, once and for all.

Origin. The word “nose” here does not mean the organ of smell. Oddly enough, it means “memorable tablet”, “record tag”. In ancient times, illiterate people carried such sticks and tablets with them everywhere and made all kinds of notes and notches on them. These tags were called noses.