MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 (with in-depth study of individual subjects)
"Artistic Traditions of the Peoples of the World"
Completed by: Filippova E.Yu.
a history teacher
Lesson topic:
Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. The concept of the heroic epic"
The concept of the heroic epic
"Epos" - (from Greek) word, narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past.
Heroic epic peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world.
Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing.
The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not at all diminish the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.
"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC
The Epic of Gilgamesh is outlined on 12
clay tablets.
As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.
GILGAMESH (Sumerian. Bilgames - possible interpretation of this name as "ancestor-hero"), semi-legendary ruler Uruk, hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad.
Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace
Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin
8th century BC e.
"Mahabharata" Indian epic, middle of the 1st millennium AD
"The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e. "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together.
The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.
Summary
The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of the main story is the unity of India.
medieval epic
"Nibelungenlied"- a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th century. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".
The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband.
There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna.
Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scholars considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family.
The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" in the first and second parts of the epic is used differently: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second - Burgundians.
Quarrel of Kings
Competitions at the court of Brunnhilde
The epic primarily reflects the chivalrous worldview of the Staufen era ( Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes. At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge. ).
Death of Siekfried
Zikfried
Funeral of Siekfried
Halen throws gold into the Rhine
Kriemhilde shows Helena
Gunter's head
Epos in works of art of different genres
Music:
- A. Borodin. Bogatyr Symphony;
- N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Operas Sadko, The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia, Maid of Pskov;
- M. Mussorgsky. "Pictures at an Exhibition", the play "Bogatyr Gates", the opera "Khovanshchina";
Painting:
- V. Vasnetsov. "Bogatyrs".
Kalevala
- Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who connected individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the bumps.
- The name "Kalevala" given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act. Suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla - this is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons.
- In Kalevala there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.
Väinämöinen protects the sampo from
Witches of Louhi.
Väinämöinen
Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example:
1. The epic often includes a plot creation of the world , how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos.
2.Story miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits .
3.Story the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding .
4. Description of the battle , in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage.
5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor .
6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also high value their own freedom and independence .
- Homework:
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Presentation on the topic:
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Description of the slide:
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Description of the slide:
1 The concept of the heroic epic. "Epos" - (from Greek) a word, a narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past. The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world. Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing. The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not detract from the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC The Epic of Gilgamesh is written on 12 clay tablets. As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.
slide number 4
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Summary I table tells about the king of Uruk Gilgamesh, whose unbridled prowess caused a lot of grief to the inhabitants of the city. Deciding to create a worthy rival and friend for him, the gods molded Enkidu from clay and settled him among wild animals. Table II is devoted to the single combat of the heroes and their decision to use their strength for the good, chopping precious cedar in the mountains. Tables III, IV and V are dedicated to their preparations for the journey, travel and victory over Humbaba. Table VI is close in content to the Sumerian text about Gilgamesh and the heavenly bull. Gilgamesh rejects Inanna's love and rebukes her for her treachery. Offended, Inanna asks the gods to create a monstrous bull to destroy Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull; unable to take revenge on Gilgamesh, Inanna transfers her anger to Enkidu, who weakens and dies. The story of his farewell to life (table VII) and Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu (table VIII) become a turning point in the epic tale. Shocked by the death of a friend, the hero sets off in search of immortality. His wanderings are described in IX and X tables. Gilgamesh wanders in the desert and reaches the mountains of Mashu, where scorpion men guard the passage through which the sun rises and sets. The "mistress of the gods" Siduri helps Gilgamesh find the shipbuilder Urshanabi, who ferried him through the "waters of death" disastrous for humans. On the opposite shore of the sea, Gilgamesh meets Utnapishtim and his wife, to whom the gods gave eternal life in ancient times. Table XI contains the famous story about the Flood and the construction of the ark, on which Utnapishtim saved the human race from extermination. Utnapishtim proves to Gilgamesh that his search for immortality is futile, since man is unable to overcome even the semblance of death - sleep. In parting, he reveals to the hero the secret of the "grass of immortality" growing at the bottom of the sea. Gilgamesh extracts the herb and decides to bring it to Uruk to give immortality to all people. On the way back, the hero falls asleep at the source; a snake rising from its depths eats grass, sheds its skin and, as it were, receives a second life. The text of Table XI known to us ends with a description of how Gilgamesh shows Urshanabi the walls of Uruk erected by him, hoping that his deeds will be preserved in the memory of posterity.
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
GILGAMESH (Sumerian. Bilga-mes - this name can be interpreted as an “ancestor-hero”), a semi-legendary ruler of Uruk, a hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad. Epic texts consider Gilgamesh to be the son of the hero Lugalbanda and the goddess Ninsun, and date Gilgamesh's reign to the era of the I Dynasty of Uruk (c. 27–26 centuries BC). Gilgamesh is the fifth king of this dynasty. Gilgamesh is also credited with divine origin: "Bilgames, whose father was a demon-lila, en (i.e.," high priest ") of Kulaba." The duration of the reign of Gilgamesh is determined at 126 years. The Sumerian tradition places Gilgamesh as if on the verge of a legendary heroic time and a more recent historical past.
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"Mahabharata" Indian epic of the 5th century AD. "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together. The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Summary The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the sons of the two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of the main story is the unity of India.
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slide number 12
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The medieval European epic "The Nibelungenlied" is a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".
slide number 13
Description of the slide:
The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna. Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scholars considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family. The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" is used differently in the first and second parts of the epic: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second, the Burgundians.
slide number 14
Description of the slide:
The epic primarily reflects the knightly worldview of the Staufen era (the Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes.At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge.).
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slide number 16
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slide number 17
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Kalevala Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who connected individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some irregularities. The name Kalevala given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which they live and act Finnish folk heroes. The suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons. In Kalevalla there is no main plot that would connect all the songs.
slide number 18
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It opens with a legend about the creation of the earth, sky, luminaries and the birth of the main character of the Finns, Väinämöinen, by the daughter of air, who arranges the earth and sows barley. The following tells about the various adventures of the hero, who, by the way, meets the beautiful maiden of the North: she agrees to become his bride if he miraculously creates a boat from fragments of her spindle. Having started work, the hero wounds himself with an ax, cannot stop the bleeding and goes to the old healer, who is told a legend about the origin of iron. Returning home, Väinämöinen raises the wind with spells and transfers the blacksmith Ilmarinen to the country of the North, Pohjola, where he, according to the promise given by Väinämöinen, forges for the mistress of the North a mysterious object that gives wealth and happiness - the Sampo mill (runes I-XI). The following runes (XI-XV) contain an episode about the adventures of the hero Lemminkäinen, a militant sorcerer and seducer of women. The story then returns to Väinämöinen; his descent into the underworld, his stay in the womb of the giant Viipunen, his obtaining from the last three words necessary to create a wonderful boat, the departure of the hero to Pohjola in order to receive the hand of a northern maiden are described; however, the latter preferred the blacksmith Ilmarinen to him, whom she marries, and the wedding is described in detail and wedding songs are given outlining the duties of the wife and husband (XVI-XXV).
slide number 19
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Further runes (XXVI-XXXI) are again occupied by the adventures of Lemminkäinen in Pohjola. The episode about the sad fate of the hero Kullervo, who unknowingly seduced his own sister, as a result of which both brother and sister commit suicide (runes XXXI-XXXVI), belongs in depth of feeling, sometimes reaching true pathos, to the best parts of the entire poem. Further runes contain a lengthy story about the common enterprise of three Finnish heroes - getting the Sampo treasure from Pohjola, about making a kantele by Väinämöinen, playing on which he enchants all nature and lulls the population of Pohjola, about Sampo being taken away by heroes, about their persecution by the sorceress-mistress of the North, about the fall Sampo in the sea, about the blessings rendered by Väinämöinen to his native country through the fragments of Sampo, about his struggle with various disasters and monsters sent by the mistress of Pohjola to Kalevala, about the hero’s wondrous game on a new kantele created by him when the first one fell into the sea, and about his return to them the sun and moon hidden by the mistress of Pohjola (XXXVI-XLIX). The last rune contains a folk apocryphal legend about the birth of a miraculous child by the virgin Maryatta (the birth of the Savior). Väinämöinen gives advice to kill him, as he is destined to surpass the power of the Finnish hero, but the two-week-old baby showers Väinämöinen with reproaches of injustice, and the ashamed hero, having sung a wondrous song for the last time, leaves forever in a canoe from Finland, giving way to the baby Maryatta, the recognized ruler of Karelia .
Description of the slide:
Other peoples of the world have their own heroic epics: in England - "Beowulf", in Spain - "The Song of my Sid", in Iceland - "Elder Edda", in France - "The Song of Roland", in Yakutia - "Olonkho", in the Caucasus - the “Nart epic”, in Kyrgyzstan - “Manas”, in Russia - the “epic epic”, etc. Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example: 1. The epic often includes the plot of the creation of the world, how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos. 2. The plot of the miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits. in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage. 5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor.
A myth is an ancient folk tale about legendary gods, heroes and incredible natural phenomena. Myth means tradition and tale, hence the current purpose of myth as a separate literary genre.
Myth and its place in literature
Such tales arose in primitive society, and therefore all sorts of early elements of philosophy, religion, and art are intertwined in myths. A distinctive feature of the myth is that it has recurring themes and similar motifs that can be found in the myths of different peoples and times.
It is believed that myths were the main way of knowing the world in primitive society, since they displayed acceptable explanations for many natural phenomena.
This is due to the fact that in myths nature appeared in the form of symbols, which sometimes were in the form of a person. Mythology is close to fiction in the form of figurative narration, therefore it is said that mythology had a huge impact on the development of literature as such.
In fiction, mythological motifs are very often found, and many plots are based on myths. An example of this can serve as such literary works as "The Magic Mountain" by T. Mann and "Nana" by E. Zola.
Heroic epic of different peoples and heroes of the epic
Each nation is characterized by a certain heroic epic, which reveals the life and customs of certain nations, their values and view of the world around them. This genre of medieval literature, in which folk heroes and their exploits were sung. Often the epic was formed in the form of songs.
The heroic epic of the Eastern Slavs is represented by the epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber". The hero Ilya Muromets is the central figure of the entire Russian epic, he is presented as a defender of the people and his native land. This is the reason why such a character has become the people's favorite - after all, he reflects the main values of the Russian people.
The famous poem "Davil of Sasun" refers to the Armenian heroic epos. This work depicts the struggle of the Armenian people against the invaders, and its central figure is the personification of the national spirit, seeking to free itself from foreign invaders.
A reminder of the German heroic epic is the "Song of the Nibelungs" - the legend of the knights. The main character of the work is the brave and mighty Siegfried. This is a just knight who becomes a victim of betrayal and betrayal, but despite this he remains noble and generous.
"The Song of Roland" is an example of the French heroic epic. the main theme of the poem is the struggle of the people against enemies and conquerors. Knight Roland acts as the protagonist, noble and courageous. This poem is close to historical reality.
The English heroic epic is represented by numerous ballads about the legendary Robin Hood, robber and protector of the poor and unfortunate. This courageous and noble hero has a cheerful disposition and therefore he has become a real folk favorite. It is believed that Robin Hood is a historical character who was an earl, but gave up a rich life in order to help the poor and disadvantaged people.
Fairy tales are related to myths, they are oral
narrative and historical
legends and they are called "epos"
is a type of literature distinguished
along with lyrics and drama;
represented by such genres as
fairy tale, legend. Varieties
heroic epic: epic,
epic poem, story, short story,
short story, novel, essay.
Epos, like drama, is characterized by
action replay,
unfolding in space and
time, the course of events in life
characters.
determined by the properties
storytelling. speech here
acts mainly in
reporting function
happened earlier. Between
speech and portrayal
action in the epic is preserved
time distance: epic
the poet tells "... about the event,
as something separate from
myself..." The epic contains information about the gods
and other supernatural
creatures, fascinating
stories and educational
examples, aphorisms of worldly
wisdom and patterns
heroic behavior;
its edifying function
as essential as
cognitive. It covers and
tragic and comic
The history of the epic
Lyro epicProse genres
myth (fantastic)
view of the world that is
primitive man
formations are usually
transmitted orally
stories - myths).
The concept of the heroic epic
Epos "- (from Greek) word, narration,one of the three genres of literature that tells about
various past events.
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is sometimes
the most important and only evidence
past eras. It goes back to ancient myths
and reflects human ideas about nature and
the world.
Initially, it was formed in the oral
form, then, acquiring new plots and
images, entrenched in writing.
The heroic epic is the result of a collective
folk art. But this does not diminish
roles of individual storytellers. famous
The Iliad and the Odyssey are known to have been
recorded by a single author - Homer
"Mahabharata" Indian epic of the 5th century AD
"The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or"The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas".
Mahabharata is a heroic poem
consisting of 18 books, or parv. As
she has the 19th book of appendices -
Harivansha, i.e. "Hari's genealogy". AT
current version of the Mahabharata
contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or
couplets, and by volume eight times
surpasses the Iliad and the Odyssey
Homer taken together. Indian literary
tradition considers the Mahabharata
a single work, and
authorship ascribes it
the legendary sage Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa.
Summary
betweensouthern.
The main story of the epic is dedicated to
stories of irreconcilable hostility
Kauravas and Pandavas - sons
two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu.
Into this enmity and the struggle it caused,
according to legend, gradually
many peoples are involved
and the tribes of India, northern and
It ends terrible
bloody battle in which
almost all participants both die
sides. Winners
unite at such a high price
country under his rule. So
way, the main idea of the main
legends is the unity of india
.
Mahabharata - book illustrations
"Mahabharata" sculptural illustrations
"Mahabharata" - sculptural relief
"Beowulf" England"Nibelungenlied"
Germany
"Song of my Sid"
Spain
Elder Edda Iceland
"Song of Roland" France
"Kalevala"
Karelian-Finnish epic
"Elder Edda" from a collection of Old Norse songs about the gods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and stories.
"Elder Edda" from a collection of Old Norse songs aboutgods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and stories.
The plot tells about the struggle in which
two groups oppose each other;
solo heroes are usually
group representatives. These groups can
be two peoples (for example, Russians and
Tatars), tribes, clans; or gods and
demons (e.g. Greek Olympians
and titans). Bogatyrs-leaders and warriors
represent a historical nation, and
their opponents are often identical
historical "invaders", foreign and
foreign oppressors. Opponents
meet in physical combat. The amazing epic Beowulf.
Refers to the end of VII or the first
third of the 8th century.
There are 3182 verses in Beowulf, in Songs
about the Nibelungs" three times more (2379
stanzas of four verses each)
while in the longest of
Eddic songs, "Speech of the High",
total 164 stanzas (the number of verses in
stanzas fluctuates), and not a single
other song than "Greenland
Atli's speeches, does not exceed a hundred
stanza
"Beowulf".
Every country hastheir heroes of the folk epic. AT
England was sung by the invincible
Robber Robin Hood - Protector
the disadvantaged; in Asia, Geser is a great archer: Evenk
heroic tales of the brave Sodani the hero; in
Buryat heroic epic Alamzhi Mergen young and his
sister Agui Gokhon
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Text content of presentation slides: The heroic epic of the peoples of the world Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic “The first victories over nature caused the people to feel their stability, pride in themselves, the desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic” M. Gorky “The Tale of Gilgamesh” or “The Poem of the One Who Has Seen Everything” (about 1800 BC), one of the most poetic works telling about a brave folk hero who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a hymn about friendship, which not only helps to overcome external obstacles, but also transforms and ennobles. "Mahabharata" or "The Great Legend of the Descendants of Bharata", created in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. in Sanskrit, the oldest Indian literary language. One of the largest literary works in the world, the Mahabharata is a complex set of epic narratives, short stories, fables, parables, legends, cosmogonic myths, hymns, laments, combined according to the framing principle typical of large forms of Indian literature, consists of eighteen books (parv ) and contains over 75,000 couplets (shlok). One of the few works of world literature, which claims about itself that it has everything in the world. "Bhagavad Gita" (Skt. भगवद् गीता, "Divine Song") - a monument of ancient Indian literature, part of the Mahabharata, consists of 700 verses, is one of the sacred texts of Hinduism, which presents the main essence of Hindu philosophy. The philosophical discourse of the Bhagavad-gita takes place just before the start of the great Battle of Kurukshetra. Two people are involved in the conversation - Arjuna and Krishna. sri-bhagavan uvaca urdhva-mulam adhah sakham aswattham prahur avyayam chandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit sri-bhagavan uvaca--the Supreme Lord said; urdhva-mulam--that whose roots are directed upwards; adhah--down; sakham--that whose branches; aswattham--banyan tree; prahuḥ—say; avyayam -- eternal; chandamsi—Vedic hymns; yasya—whom; parnani—leaves; yah - which; there - then; veda - knows; sah -- that; veda-vit--knower of the Vedas. The Supreme Lord said: The scriptures speak of an eternal banyan tree whose roots are up and branches down, whose leaves are the Vedic hymns. Knowing this tree, a person comprehends the wisdom of the Vedas. tri-vidham narakasyedam dvaram nashanam atmanah kamah krodhas tatha lobhas tasmad etat trayam tyajet tri-vidham--comprising three kinds; narakasya—hell; idam - these; dvaram—the gate; nashanam--death; atmanah--souls; kamah--lust; krodhah--anger; tatha—and also; lobhah -- greed; tasmat - therefore; etat - these; trayam--three; tyajet - let him leave. There are three gates to hell: lust, anger and greed. And every sane person should renounce these vices, for they destroy the soul. Knightly epic In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected the knightly ideals of valor and honor. "Beowulf" (England) "Nibelungenlied" (Germany) "Song of my Side" (Spain) "Elder Edda" (Iceland) "Song of Roland" (France) "Kalevala" (Karelian-Finnish epic) "Beowulf" An Anglo-Saxon epic poem set in Scandinavia before the Angles migrated to Britain. Named after the main character. The text was created at the beginning of the 8th century and has been preserved in a single copy of the 11th century. This is the oldest epic poem of "barbarian" (Germanic) Europe, preserved in its entirety. The main content lies in the tales of Beowulf's victory over the terrible monsters Grendel and his mother, and over the dragon that devastated the country. The Nibelungenlied A medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th or early 13th century. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures". It tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siegfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. The Song of Roland An epic poem written in Old French. The work tells about the death of the rearguard detachment of the army of Charlemagne, returning in August 778 from an aggressive campaign in Spain. The Elder Edda The Song Edda is a collection of Old Norse songs about the gods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and history. Songs were first recorded in the second half of the 13th century. The songs about the gods contain the richest mythological material, and the central place in the songs about heroes is occupied by a person (hero), his good name and posthumous glory.
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