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Presentation on the topic: Russian culture of the 16th century
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Russian culture of the 16th century. There is nothing better, more beautiful than your dear homeland. Look back at your ancestors ours, our heroes past days. Remember them kind words-Glory to them, stern fighters, Glory to our side, Glory to Russian antiquity! N. Konchalovskaya
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Features of the development of Russian culture in the 16th century. The development of Russian culture in the 16th century, as at all times, was not only determined by the social, economic, and political development of society, but was itself an important component historical development in general. Culture is not an isolated facet of social life, but one of its manifestations, closely connected by completely different ones. The level and nature of the development of culture depends on the general level of socio-economic development of society, and to a certain extent on previous ones traditions and accumulation of cultural heritage. The turn of the 15th - 16th centuries is a turning point in the historical development of Russian lands. Phenomena characteristic of this time had a direct impact on spiritual life Russia, for development its culture predetermined the nature and direction of the historical and cultural process.
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Russian culture XVI century. Typography. Around 1553 - the first printing house in Russia, but the names of the printers are not known. 1563 - 1564 - the clerk of one of the Kremlin churches, Ivan Fedorov, and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavets printed the first book with imprint data (“Apostle”) at the Printing Yard. By the end of the 16th century. printing houses worked not only on Nikolskaya Street (now 25-Oktyabrya), but also in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. But the printed book did not supplant the handwritten one, since mainly liturgical books were printed.
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The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" is a work that emphasized the idea of succession of power of the Moscow sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. Correspondence of Prince A.M. Kurbsky with Ivan the Terrible. Talented and political opponents waged a fierce dispute about the ways and methods of centralization, about the relationship between the monarch and his subjects - Kurbsky and Ivan IV. 1564 - Ivan IV received a message from Prince Kurbsky from abroad (Lithuania), accusing him of tyranny. Regulation of Russian life by priest Sylvester (closer to Ivan IV), which is translated into modern Russian. means “housekeeping.” This book also contains instructions. ecclesiastical character, and advice on raising children and wives.
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16th century architecture Throughout the century, the construction of Moscow fortifications continued. Under Glinskaya, the walls of Kitay-Gorod were built in Moscow, protecting the central part of the settlement. End of the 16th century - "city affairs master" Fyodor Savelyevich Kon erected a ring of fortifications " White City"about 9.5 km long with 27 towers (running along the line of the current boulevard ring). Kon also built the Kremlin in Smolensk, he is credited with the walls of the Simonov Monastery in Moscow and the Pafnutiev (in Borovsk) Monastery. The last years of the 16th century - the creation of the last external line fortifications of Moscow - "Skorodom" (a wooden wall along an earthen rampart). "Skorodom" ran along the line of the current Garden Ring. The second third of the 16th century - a masterpiece of this style penetrates into stone architecture - the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (c. boundaries of Moscow). 1554 - 1561 - architect Postnik Yakovlev and Barma built the Cathedral of the Intercession on Red Square, on the moat, in honor of the capture of Kazan.
Book printing in Moscow. Strict regulation. Painting. Middle Ages. Differences in the books. Direction of icon painting. Fluent writing style. Motive Last Judgment. Church of the Ascension. Applied arts. Features of the icon. The story of the coming of Stefan Batory. Fedor Kon. A military story. Wood-earth fortress. Macarius. Architecture. Treasury funds. Traditional five-domed temples. Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
“Culture of the Russian Middle Ages” - The main stages of the development of medieval Russian culture. Mythological school. East Slavic paganism. The originality of the cultural and historical path of Russia. Christianity. Leshy. Rational-critical direction. Cultural dynamics. Myth in archaic times. Essays on the history of Russian culture. Sanctuaries. Old Russian pantheon. A single socio-political and cultural space. Russian culture.
“Russian culture of the 14th-16th centuries” - Features of the development of Russian culture. Half-tired. Features of the development of Russian culture in the XIV-XVI centuries. Ideas of the unity of the Russian land and the fight against Horde rule. The creation of a unified state caused a new cultural rise in Russia. The centers of book learning were monasteries. Education. Russian culture acquires original national traits. Gradual overcoming of cultural disunity. The emergence of Russian book printing.
“Culture of Rus' 14-16 centuries” - Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral. Life Cloth. Architecture. Wall and tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Assumption Cathedral. St. Basil's Cathedral. Heroic and hagiographic themes. Theophanes the Greek. Dwellings. Church of the Ascension in the Village of Kolomenskoye. Chronicle of the 15th century. Life of Alexander Nevsky. Culture and life of the Moscow state in the XIV-XVI centuries. Dishes. Main directions. Painting. Annunciation Cathedral. St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
“Writing and Typography” - Typography in Europe. Palm leaves. Inventor of paper. Birch. Handwritten books. Papyrus. Typography. Printed books. Old Russian mathematics textbook. Johann Gutenberg. Ivan Fedorov. The man went hunting. The first printed books. Ancient Novgorodians. Cuneiform. Clay tablets. Primer by Karion Istomin. Tree. Ancient people. Now I will read a lot. The emergence of writing. Invention of printing.
“Culture of Russia in the 16th century” - Purpose. Reflection of the policies of Ivan IV in culture. Cathedral of the Intercession Holy Mother of God. Ivan the Terrible. Foreign policy Ivan IV. Churches were built around the main Church of the Intercession. Interior decoration cathedral Interior decoration. Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Reliquary with the relics of St. Basil. Hiking to Kazan. The decoration of the cathedral. The semantic load of St. Basil's Cathedral.
Culture of Rus' of the 16th century
Development of Russian culture
The culture of this time is closely related to historical events in the country. The 16th century for Rus' became the time of formation and centralization of power in the Moscow principality. Basically, this is where architecture begins to rapidly develop.
Architecture
The architecture of Rus' is based on the tent style. There is no exact information about the origin of the tents. They replaced cross-domed buildings and churches.
The largest buildings in the hipped style, built in the 16th century:
Temple of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. It is characterized by amazing architectural decoration and patterns.
St. Basil's Cathedral. It was built by the architect Barmoy.
Other famous buildings in Rus' of this time:
The Kremlin in Moscow. Of course, the Kremlin was built before the 16th century, but at that time they began to rebuild it. The architects of the Kremlin were foreigners, so the style is a mixture of Western European and Russian styles.
The new Assumption Cathedral, built by the Italian Fioravanti. The architect took the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral as a basis.
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. This building combines traditional forms and Venetian style.
Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This cathedral is a truly Russian building, with traditional features and features.
Painting.
As such painting in modern understanding this word did not exist. At that time, painting meant icon painting. The 16th century was marked by the spread of heresy and the persecution of icon painters. Because of this, artists began to depict the faces of saints on icons with shading.
In addition to icon painting, artists could paint images of temples, cathedrals and churches on their canvases. Most famous paintings this time:
"Nativity Cathedral of the Ferapontov Monastery."
"Cathedral of the Virgin Mary"
"Protection of the Virgin Mary".
Literature
All the literature that existed at that time, for the most part, was written by hand. However, it was at this time that literature was transformed. In the 16th century new genres appeared:
Stories ("The Tale of Dracula")
Fiction (Alexandria about Alexander the Great)
Stories.
Also, in the 16th century. Printing began in Rus'.
Typography.
XVI century Characterized by the emergence of printing in Rus'. The first book to be printed is Apostle. It was printed by clerk Ivan Fedorovich. Basically, all printed books were of a liturgical nature. ABOUT fiction in the 16th century it was not yet discussed.
Famous works published in the 16th century:
"Apostle"
"A Primer with Grammar"
Petitions to Ivan the Terrible from Ivan Peresvetov.
Domostroy, etc.
Created in the 16th century new technology singing - three-line singing. Development in the musical and singing direction occurred thanks to the creation of a singing choir of clerks in the Moscow Principality.
Features of the development of Russian culture in the 16th century. The development of Russian culture in the 16th century, as at all times, was not only determined by the social, economic, and political development of society, but was itself the most important integral part historical development as a whole. Culture is not an isolated facet of social life, but one of its manifestations, closely connected with all others. The level and nature of the development of culture depends on the general level of socio-economic development of society, and to a certain extent on the previous traditions and accumulation of cultural heritage. The turn of the 15th - 16th centuries was a turning point in the historical development of Russian lands. The phenomena characteristic of this time had a direct impact on the spiritual life of Russia, on the development of its culture, and predetermined the nature and direction of the historical and cultural process.
Typography. Around 1553 - the first printing house in Russia, but the names of the printers are not known. - the clerk of one of the Kremlin churches, Ivan Fedorov, and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavets printed the first book with imprint data (“Apostle”) at the Printing Yard. By the end of the 16th century. printing houses worked not only on Nikolskaya Street (now 25 October), but also in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. But the printed book did not supplant the handwritten one, since mainly liturgical books were printed. Russian culture of the 16th century.
A work that emphasized the idea of succession of power of the Moscow sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. Correspondence of Prince A.M. Kurbsky with Ivan the Terrible. Talented and political opponents - Kurbsky and Ivan IV - had a fierce debate about the ways and methods of centralization, about the relationship between the monarch and his subjects. Ivan IV received a message from Prince Kurbsky from abroad (Lithuania), accusing him of tyranny. Regulation of Russian life. “Domstroy” by priest Sylvester (a close associate of Ivan IV), which translated into modern Russian means “housekeeping”. This book contains both instructions of a church nature and advice on raising children and a wife. The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" "
Throughout the century, the construction of Moscow fortifications continued. Under Glinskaya, the walls of Kitay-Gorod were built in Moscow, protecting the central part of the settlement. End of the 16th century - “city affairs master” Fyodor Savelyevich Kon erected a ring of fortifications of the “White City” about 9.5 km long with 27 towers (running along the line of the current boulevard ring). The horse also built the Kremlin in Smolensk, and the walls of the Simonov Monastery in Moscow and the Pafnutiev Monastery (in Borovsk) are attributed to him. The last years of the 16th century saw the creation of the last external line of Moscow’s fortifications - “Skorodoma” (a wooden wall along an earthen rampart). "Skorodom" passed along the line of the current Garden Ring. Second third of the 16th century. - the spherical style penetrates into stone architecture from wood. A masterpiece of this style is the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (within Moscow). - architect Postnik Yakovlev and Barma built the Cathedral of the Intercession on Red Square, which is on the moat, in honor of the capture of Kazan. 16th century architecture
At this time, the tradition of Andrei Rublev continued in painting. The frescoes of Dionysius especially stood out. His best paintings are preserved in the Ferapontov Monastery in the Belozersky region. Second half of the 16th century. - the emergence of portraitism and images with a feature of real similarity. Painting.
The least known and still largely mysterious page in the history of Russian medieval art. Not many icons have survived that come from Tver and its environs. They are quite varied in style and relate mainly to late period independence of Tver culture. In addition, some icons of unknown origin can conceivably be attributed to the art of Tver based on their stylistic similarity to reliable Tver works. Therefore, now it is only possible general outline present the main stages in the development of Tver painting. Painting of ancient Tver
Folklore
“The Tale of Borma and Yaryzhka”
"The Tale of the Kingdom of Babylon"
Literacy
Textbooks
Dictionaries
Grammar.
In 1553, by order of John IV, the Printing House was built in Moscow, which in the 1550s issued several “anonymous” ones, that is, not containing any imprint.
Typography
Ivan Fedorov
(born between 1510 and 1530, died in 1583).
1564 - invention of printing.
First books
Apostle - 1564 (liturgical book containing: parts of the New Testament - “Acts” and “Epistle of the Holy Apostles”)
Book of Hours - 1565.
The first primer 1574.
Moscow Apostle
B recent years life, the talented Russian pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov develops a collapsible model of the cannon, and even offers it to Saxony and Austria. The rulers of these states did not like the development.
Science
Easter - tables indicating the dates of Easter.
Geographical knowledge was obtained from scribe, boundary, and ambassadorial lands.
Historical knowledge is reflected in chronographs.
Manuals on salt making appear.
Literature
Chronicle - Nikon Chronicle (mid-16th century)
Historical and literary works.
Publicism.
Facial chronicle vault
(Front chronicle collection of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Book) - a chronicle collection of events in world and especially Russian history, created in the 40-60s of the 16th century (probably in 1568-1576) specifically for the royal library in a single copy. The word “facial” in the title of the Code means illustrated, with images “in faces”.
Consists of 10 volumes containing about 10 thousand sheets of rag paper, decorated with more than 16 thousand miniatures. Covers the period “from the creation of the world” to 1567.
Metropolitan Macarius - "Cheti Menaia".
16th century collection of 12 books, for each month of the year, starting from September, including the lives of saints for every day.
Domostroy (Sylvester)
A collection of rules, advice and instructions on all areas of human and family life, including social, family, economic and religious issues.
Journalism
Tales about the princes of Vladimir.
Correspondence between Grozny and A. Kurbsky.
Works by I. Peresvet.
Works by Matvey Bashkin.
Works by Fyodor Kosoy.
Works by Fyodor Karpov.
Matvey Bashkin
Church rituals are not necessary.
Denied icons. The secret of confession.
I thought that servility was against Christian faith:
(I had a bondage full of (documents for complete servitude, then I tore everything up)
Fedor Kosoy
He denied Christian symbolism, since the cross is the instrument of Christ’s execution.
Advocated for the equality of the people.
Fedor Karpov
Society and the state must be built on compliance with the law.
The ruler must carry the law and truth.
Complained about the decline of morals.
Architecture.
Tent style: octagon on a cross-shaped base.
The most famous building Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (1532)
Velma is wonderful in her height and beauty and lightness, the same as she was first of all in Rus'.
Legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of Ivan IV, the long-awaited heir of the Grand Duke.
Intercession Cathedral on the moat (St. Basil's).
Years of construction (1555-1561).
Founder - Ivan 4.
The height of the temple is 65 meters. There are only eleven domes, of which nine are above the temple (according to the number of thrones)
Architects - Barma and Postnik.
Fyodor Savelyevich Kon (around 1540 - after 1606) - “sovereign master”, one of the few ancient Russian architects whose name is recorded in sources.
stone walls and towers of the White City of Moscow (1585-1593; along the line of current boulevards)
powerful city walls of Smolensk (1596-1602);
Smolensk Kremlin
Andrei Chokhov (about 1545 - 1629)
outstanding Russian cannon and bell maker, foundry worker.
For more than 40 years he worked in Moscow at the Cannon Yard, where he created large number(according to documents, more than 20 are known) heavy guns, including the Tsar Cannon (1586).
Tsar Cannon
Medieval artillery gun (bombard), a monument to Russian artillery and foundry art, cast in bronze in 1586
Initially conceived for the defense of the Kremlin from invaders, the Tsar Cannon was installed on a cannon ramp (a special wooden flooring made of logs) near Lobnoye Mesto on Red Square, but did not participate in hostilities.