1. Primary general education is aimed at shaping the student’s personality, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, basics of personal hygiene and healthy image life).
2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and healthy lifestyle, high culture interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, state language Russian Federation, mental and physical labor, development of inclinations, interests, ability for social self-determination).
3. Secondary general education is aimed at further formation and formation of the student’s personality, development of interest in knowledge and creativity student, the formation of skills of independent learning activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, continuing education and starting professional activities.
4. The organization of educational activities according to educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, ensuring in-depth study of individual educational subjects, subject areas relevant educational program (specialized training).
5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.
6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission on affairs of minors and the protection of their rights and the body local government exercising management in the field of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen years can leave general education organization before receiving basic general education. Commission on Minors' Affairs and Protection of Their Rights together with parents ( legal representatives) a minor who left a general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body exercising management in the field of education, no later than one month, takes measures to continue the development of the educational program of basic general education by the minor in another form of education and with his consent for employment .
7. In an educational organization implementing educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, conditions may be created for students to live in a boarding school, as well as for supervision and care of children in groups extended day.
8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, including provision of students in accordance with established standards with clothing, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school and writing supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and their organization - consumer services, as well as for the provision of supervision and care for children in extended day groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish the fee charged to parents (legal representatives) of minor students, and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to charge it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.
9. It is not allowed to include costs for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as maintenance costs real estate state and municipal educational organizations in parental fees for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the provision of supervision and care for children in after-school groups in such organizations.
10. For students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations, training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education is organized at home or in medical organizations.
11. The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by regulations legal act authorized body state power subject of the Russian Federation.
1. Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education.
2. To master secondary educational programs vocational education Persons with education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are admitted, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law.
3. Obtaining secondary vocational education on the basis of basic general education is carried out with the simultaneous receipt of secondary general education within the framework of the relevant educational program of secondary vocational education. In this case, the educational program of secondary vocational education, implemented on the basis of basic general education, is developed on the basis of the requirements of the relevant federal state educational standards of secondary general and secondary vocational education, taking into account the profession or specialty of secondary vocational education being acquired.
4. Admission to educational programs of secondary vocational education at the expense of budgetary allocations from the federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets is publicly available, unless otherwise provided by this part. When admitting students to educational programs of secondary vocational education in professions and specialties that require applicants to have certain creative abilities, physical and (or) psychological qualities, entrance tests in the manner established in accordance with this Federal Law. If the number of applicants exceeds the number of places financially supported by budgetary allocations from the federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, the educational organization, in accordance with the admission procedure established in accordance with Part 8 of Article 55 of this Federal Law, takes into account the results of applicants’ mastery of the educational program of basic general or secondary general education, indicated in the documents of education and (or) documents on education and qualifications submitted by the applicants, the results of individual achievements, information about which the applicant has the right to provide upon admission, as well as the existence of an agreement on targeted training with organizations specified in Part 1 of Article 71.1 of this Federal Law.
5. Receiving secondary vocational education under training programs for mid-level specialists for the first time by persons who have a diploma of secondary vocational education with the qualification of a qualified worker or employee does not constitute obtaining a second or subsequent secondary vocational education again.
6. Students in educational programs of secondary vocational education who do not have secondary general education have the right to undergo state final certification, which completes the development of educational programs of secondary general education and upon successful completion of which they are issued a certificate of secondary general education. These students undergo state final certification free of charge.
On the Internet you can often find statements that universal elementary education was legally introduced back in Tsarist Russia. The year of introduction is indicated as 1908. In most cases, the chain of links leads to the well-known article by B.L. Brasol “The Reign of Emperor Nicholas II in Figures and Facts (1894-1917)” as the source of this statement. In it, Brasol indicates only the year in which “initial training ... became compulsory,” but does not indicate the specific legislative act that established this provision:
Initial training was free by law, and from 1908 it became compulsory. Since this year, about 10,000 schools have been opened annually. In 1913 their number exceeded 130,000. If the revolution had not broken out, then compulsory primary education would have long been an accomplished fact throughout the entire territory of Tsarist Russia .
The vice-rector of the Tambov Theological Seminary, Priest Viktor Lisyunin, writes in his article:
Participation of the clergy in the system public education intensified after the release of the law on May 3, 1908 on the gradual (over 10 years) introduction of universal compulsory primary education .
In the article by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Olga Anatolyevna Khasbulatova “The evolution of Russian state policy towards women: a review historical experience pre-revolutionary period" says:
In accordance with the law of May 3, 1908, it was planned to introduce compulsory free primary education for children from 8 to 12 years old within 10 years.
In the article by Olga Aleksandrovna Golikova “Creation of a network of universal primary education on the territory of the Tomsk province at the beginning of the 20th century.” we find the following:
The government issued a law on May 3, 1908, which marked the beginning of the introduction universal education in Russia. He identified a number of important points:
Since the publication of the law of May 3, 1908, the country has begun to carry out the first activities related to the implementation of the project for the introduction of universal education in the country, which involved the creation of school networks of primary educational institutions .
Reality
In fact, the law of May 3, 1908 is called “On the release of 6,900,000 rubles for the needs of primary education,” and there is not a single word in it about the introduction of universal compulsory primary education on the territory of Russia. The text of this law can be viewed in the database "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" (page 228, No. 30328):
The highest approved law, approved by the State Council and the State Duma, On the release of 6,900,000 rubles for the needs of primary education.
On the original His Imperial Majesty’s Own hand it is written: “BE ACCORDING TO THIS.”
To release, from January 1, 1908, six million nine hundred thousand rubles a year according to the estimate of the Ministry of Public Education for the needs of primary education, in excess of the amounts allocated for this subject at present, so that the expenditure of this loan is carried out by the Minister of Public Education for the specified below (vv. 1-6) grounds.
Benefits from a loan of 6,900,000 rubles per year for the needs of primary education are intended for areas where there is a particular lack of schools or funds for the maintenance and further expansion of primary education.
The amount of benefits from the loan specified in Article 1 in the provinces and regions in which the provision on zemstvo institutions has not been introduced is determined for one-class and two-class schools by the note to paragraph 1 of Article 3424 of the Charter of Academic Institutions and Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Public Education (Consolidation of Laws, vol. XI, part 1, according to Cont. 1906).
Benefits from the loan referred to in Article 1 are allocated to individual zemstvo and city self-government bodies and rural societies for the provision of maintenance to students in primary schools, both existing and newly opened, in the amount of 390 rubles for 50 children school age(from 8 to 11 years), counting the salary of a teacher per year at least 360 rubles and a teacher of law (per 100 school-age children) at least 60 rubles.
The benefits specified in Article 3 are issued only to those zemstvo and city self-government bodies and rural societies that undertake to continue to spend the amounts freed up as a result of receiving government benefits for the maintenance of primary schools, for construction needs, for the provision of additional allowances to students and for other needs of primary schools.
From the loan specified in Article 1 in 1908, one million nine hundred thousand rubles were applied for the issuance of benefits for one-time expenses for the construction of school buildings and equipment of schools. The balances that can be generated from a loan of 5,000,000 rubles, intended in 1908 for the costs of maintaining schools, due to their opening not from the beginning of the civil year, are used for the same need.
In all primary schools receiving benefits from the credit referred to in Article 1, education must be free.
Collection of laws. 1908 Division I. No. 73. Art. 447.
The list of events outlined in the article by O. A. Golikova (“all children of both sexes upon reaching school age should receive free primary education,” etc.) is in fact a retelling of the provisions of the bill “On the introduction of universal primary education in the Russian Federation.” Empire" introduced on February 20, 1907 by the Minister of Public Education P. von Kaufmann to the State Duma:
The responsibility for opening a sufficient number of schools, corresponding to the number of school-age children, lies with local government institutions, while calculations regarding the number of schools required are made in relation to four age groups: 8, 9, 10 and 11 years.
The normal duration of education in primary school is 4 years.
The normal number of children in primary school per teacher is 50.
A normal area, which should be served by one school, is an area with a three-verst radius.
It is the responsibility of local government institutions to draw up, within two years from the date of entry into force of these provisions, a school network and a plan for its implementation to achieve universal education in a given area, indicating the deadline for this period and the funds expected from local sources for the implementation of the school network .
Note: Local church and school authorities participate in the development of the school network.
To be included in the school network, a school designed for four age groups, must meet the following requirements: to have a teacher of the law and a teacher who has the legal right to teach, to be provided with premises that meet school and hygienic needs, educational books and manuals, and to provide free education to children.
The designated (clause 6) school network and plan for its implementation are submitted by local self-government bodies in accordance with the established procedure to the Ministry of Public Education, which, after approving the said network and plan, communicates with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. If these plans and networks are approved, the Ministry of Public Education will issue, within the limits allocated according to the estimate of this ministry, loans for each school included in the network that is open or is to be opened within the next school year, allowance for the minimum remuneration of teachers and teachers of the law according to their actual number in the designated schools, counting 360 rubles each. teacher and 60 rubles. teacher of the law At the same time, the total amount of benefits to schools in a given area should not exceed the calculated amount of 390 rubles. for 50 school-age children.
Note: Parish schools included in the school network, both open and subject to opening during the next academic year, receive benefits from the treasury on an equal basis with schools affiliated with the Ministry of Public Education, from a loan allocated according to the financial estimate of His Holiness Synod; parochial schools that are not included in the network in those areas for which it is approved can only be supported by local funds.
Other expenses, both for the maintenance and arrangement of premises for schools, and for increasing the salaries of students, depending on local conditions, are established by the founders of the schools and are attributed to local sources.
Receiving benefits from the Ministry of Public Education does not restrict the rights of the founders of schools in the management of the school. Local government is provided with organization and immediate management primary schools, under the direction and supervision of the Ministry of Public Education.
To class and other legal organizations and individuals, if the schools they maintain are included in the general school network, the Ministry of Public Education provides benefits, if deemed necessary, according to the above calculation (clause 8) on the same basis as to institutions of public self-government .
Pending the receipt and approval of school networks and plans for the introduction of universal education from local governments, the Ministry of Public Education distributes the loan allocated according to its estimate, in accordance with local needs and requirements, in relation to the stated provisions, with a view to the implementation of universal education in a given area.
I have the honor to submit the above for the consideration of the State Duma.
Minister of Public Education
P. von Kaufmann
But this project was never destined to become law. The bill was introduced in III State Duma on November 1, 1907, and on January 8, 1908 it was submitted for preliminary consideration to the commission on public education. The commission submitted its report to the general meeting on December 10, 1910.
The main provisions of the government project were as follows: 1) the formation of a school network and a plan for its creation was entrusted to local government institutions, which were supposed to complete this work within two years from the date of introduction of the law; 2) the normal limit that one school should serve was an area with a three-verst radius; 3) the population was provided with free education in schools included in the school network; 4) the school network project had to be approved by the Minister of Public Education; 5) parochial schools included in the school network received government benefits on an equal basis with schools of the Ministry of Public Education; 6) loans issued from the treasury were intended to remunerate teachers.
The Duma made its own changes: 1) established a minimum amount (10 million rubles) by which the government allocation for the needs of primary schools should have increased annually, for 10 years, according to the estimate of the Ministry of Public Education; 2) recognized the deadline for the introduction of universal primary education ten years; 3) in areas where there were no provincial and district zemstvo institutions, the formation of a school network was entrusted to local bodies of the Ministry of Public Education, together with institutions in charge of zemstvo and city affairs; 4) the inspector of public schools and others were also involved in the compilation of all school networks.
The first discussion of the bill took place on January 24, the second on January 26, the third on February 12, 1911. The Duma decided to approve the project on March 19, 1911 and transferred it to the State Council. During the consideration, the State Council increased minimum size loan (up to 10.5 million rubles), by which allocations for the needs of primary schools were to be increased over 10 years, excluded the indication of a deadline for the introduction of universal education, etc.
On January 28, 1912, the State Council decided to form a conciliation commission, which, however, did not reach unanimous opinion. The commission's report was submitted to the State Duma on April 9, 1911, and the report was discussed on May 21, 1912. However, the Duma remained with its original decision on all fundamental issues. June 6, 1912 The State Council rejected the bill!
It only remains to add that the liberal-minded P. von Kaufmann did not last long as Minister of Education, and was dismissed on January 1, 1908. In his place was appointed the trustee of the Warsaw military district, Alexander Nikolaevich Schwartz, who carried out a number of reactionary measures: the actual abolition of university autonomy ( established in August 1905), prohibiting the admission of female volunteers to high school, strict application of the percentage norm for Jews, etc. Schwartz pursued a similar policy in relation to middle and lower schools. In 1910 he was replaced by L. A. Kasso, an even more flamboyant reactionary, under whom more than 130 employees left or were fired from Moscow University, including 21 professors (see the Kasso case).
"The importance of the Orthodox clergy in the creation of a system of public education at the turn of the era (the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries)"
GATO. F. 126. Op. 3. D. 40.
Will come into force on September 1st new law a project according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to receive complete secondary education. As Moscow State University professor Lyudmila Kokhanova told Pravda.Ru, the innovation will make our society more highly educated.
On September 1, a new bill will come into force, according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to undergo three levels of education - primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general. In this regard, many innovations have appeared, and it turns out that people can study at school almost their entire lives.
Now in the 9th grade it is allowed to “sit” not until 15, but until 18 years old, and for students in the 11th grade there are no age restrictions. Most likely, the first question many guys will have is: what about the army? The guys will have a deferment from service only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please poor students - it is prohibited to leave children for the second year in senior (10th and 11th) grades. Those who can't handle it school curriculum, will complete their education in other forms (correspondence, evening school, etc.).
Why were such changes needed? Russian Education Minister Andrei Fursenko said that this is being done to raise the authority of higher education: “Now there are 3.2 thousand universities and their branches in the country. When supporting the development of universities, planning their expansion and construction of new ones, it is necessary to understand who will come to study there.” The fact is that the number of people wishing to study at universities is declining, and if in 1998 the number of 11th grade school students was 22 million, then in 2006 it was 15 million. It is expected that in 2008 their number will decrease to 13 million. , and in 2010 - by another 30% compared to 2006.
Fursenko hopes that the exit from the “demographic hole” will begin after 2010.
According to the new amendments, secondary general education will be free. The law also stipulates the responsibility of parents and guardians to create opportunities for their children to receive secondary general education. Thus, all 11 classes will now be completed, whereas previously only 9 classes were required to be completed.
The attitude towards the new bill is rather ambiguous. Many people doubt how necessary compulsory secondary education is. Their argument is clear - cooks, seamstresses, etc. should remain in the country. We tried to understand this issue and turned to Moscow State University professor Lyudmila Kokhanova for comments:
The whole world is already talking about raising the standard of education. We all know that the prerogative of our country has always been education and science, so the state is returning to these frontiers again. Without them we will not do anything technologically. information society, and everything will collapse and break down for us.
But what about professions such as cook, seamstress, mechanic, etc.? Will we now have to learn it after 11th grade?
So what? This is high professionalism. Thus, the level of society rises, because machines become more complex, the same cook should already know the basics of biotechnology, etc. IN modern society Different standards are applied to any profession, and now skill is determined by the development of the information technology society.
- What will happen to those who do not want to get a full education and leave school?
I think that life itself will force them to finish their studies. In any case, a person himself determines his path and what he wants to achieve in this life. I also believe that the state should create conditions so that people are motivated to study. Now we will no longer re-educate those who graduated from 9th grade, new program designed for those who are entering life today. And it seems to me that this good way make our society more highly educated.
The Law on Education in the Russian Federation - 273 Federal Law, adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, it fully regulates the field of education in our country. For managers, this document is reference book, a kind of Bible, which they are obliged to know and strictly observe all provisions. It is advisable that both parents and students of various educational institutions also become familiar with the basic provisions of the Law.
Unfortunately, within the framework of one article it is impossible to analyze in detail the entire Law, each of its points. We will analyze the key, most important provisions that can help many consumers educational services, because The federal law“On Education in the Russian Federation” is used in kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.
Basic Concepts
Education is a single, purposeful process of upbringing and training an individual, the totality of acquired knowledge, skills, experience, moral values, installations. The goal is the formation of a comprehensively developed citizen with high intellectual, physical, cultural, spiritual and moral development.
It is a mistake to believe that education is only about obtaining information. Here we are using the terms incorrectly.
Training is the purposeful acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities.
Education is a process aimed at the spiritual and moral development of the individual, as a result of which the development of generally accepted rules and norms should occur.
Education includes training (acquisition of knowledge and skills), upbringing (mastering generally accepted norms), physical development.
education requirement
A teaching worker is a person who carries out the educational process. It consists of labor relations with an educational organization, performs certain job responsibilities getting paid for it wages. Before the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted, there were no restrictions at the legislative level for hiring a teacher in a school, a teacher in kindergarten. At school, it was quite normal to see as a teacher a person who himself had difficulty finishing school at one time. In the absence of professional personnel and low pay for teachers, few went to pedagogical universities. The problem is aggravated by the very low percentage of graduates who decide to connect their lives with educational institutions.
Today the situation is different: the law “On Education in the Russian Federation” establishes a ban on studying pedagogical activity persons who do not have the appropriate qualifications. In Art. 46 of the Law directly establishes that the right to be an education worker has a person who has completed or higher educational institution. Education alone is not enough. It will also be necessary to undergo an additional specialization in “Pedagogy” if the applicant’s university or college is not pedagogical.
Education document
The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for the issuance of supporting documents (certificate, diploma) for completing the following levels of education:
- Basic general.
- Average overall.
- Initial professional.
- A professional environment.
- Higher education - bachelor's degree.
- Higher education is a specialty.
- Higher education - master's degree.
Education system
The Law “On Education of the Russian Federation” (latest edition) contains a hierarchy of main components in a unified education system:
- and the instructions are regulations, according to which they are obliged to carry out educational activities schools, institutes, colleges, etc. The status of the educational organization does not matter: commercial, budgetary, government - if it has a license to issue the relevant documents, then it is obliged to provide training based on standards.
- Direct implementation of training: educational organizations, teaching staff, students, legal representatives.
- Federal government bodies, authorities of subjects exercising control. the main role belongs to the Federal State Service for Supervision in Education (Rosobrnadzor). In the regions, this function is performed by the regional ministries of education. They monitor compliance with state standards in educational institutions.
- Organizations providing educational activities. In districts, district education committees are responsible for financing budgetary schools. They also conduct assessment activities in the controlled areas of all schools.
- Associations of natural or legal entities carrying out educational activities. A striking example is the teachers' union.
Goals of federal state standards
The Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” assigns a key place to federal state standards. They perform the following tasks:
- Unity of education. It follows that throughout the country, students receive the same level of education, which means equality of opportunity.
- Continuity. Despite the dynamic development and reform of the education system, the introduction of new standards and requirements, the key task is to maintain continuity. You cannot completely destroy the entire system every year for the sake of short-term political or economic gain.
- Variability. Despite the unity of education as a whole, the law on education in the Russian Federation excludes the strict totalitarian framework of unity when receiving it. Depending on abilities, desires, and time, various options for achieving certain tasks are created.
- Guarantee. It follows that the state controls the unity of education throughout the country.
You can study at home! Forms of training
This is difficult to imagine for a Soviet person, but the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for training not only in educational institutions. Article 17 lists the acceptable forms of training:
- In the traditional form - in specialized educational institutions.
- In an alternative form - outside specialized educational institutions.
The traditional form is divided into:
- In person.
- Correspondence.
- Part-time.
Distance learning is gaining popularity these days. In the century information technologies It has become a reality to visit museums, theaters, and rare exhibitions on the other side of the planet without leaving home. Information and communication technologies have also penetrated into education.
The Law “On Education of the Russian Federation” is a new law. However, he does not single out distance education as separate category. The student is at home, prepares according to an individual schedule, listens to lectures remotely, using communication channels. Therefore, distance education falls under the category of correspondence education.
Alternative form
It is not necessary to send a child to school today to receive it. The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” allows for this possibility. In addition, the state allocates money for alternative forms of education for each child.
Kinds
Obtaining a certificate outside of school is divided into two types:
- Family education.
- Self-education.
Family education involves shifting the function of education to the family. It is for this form that the state pays compensation. Of course, schools react very painfully to this. This is understandable: no one wants to be left without a salary. Judicial practice shows that the courts are completely on the side of the parents. The average compensation for a middle and senior student is about 10 thousand rubles.
The problem of involving child labor as cleaners
School duty is a tradition that we inherited from the Soviet past. Many parents still don’t see a problem with their children cleaning floors while on duty at school. However, Article 34 of the Law directly provides for parental consent to such involvement of a child in labor. Technology and labor training classes are mandatory. It is on them that students legally, in accordance with federal government programs, are required to engage in labor: sewing, cooking, wood processing. Everything else is only at the request of the parents.
Results
So, the main law that regulates the field of education is the Federal Law “On Education of the Russian Federation”. Its articles contain a description of the organization educational process, competencies local authorities authorities, forms and types of education, rules for final certifications, etc. The most interesting points We discussed this Law in the article.