Doctor Startsev, a young talented doctor, comes to the city of S., where he meets the Turkins family. At the beginning of the story, he is cheerful, hardworking and reaches out to beauty, sings romances, listens to the music of Kotik and the novel of the mother of the family. He realizes how primitive the “art” is in this house. But he is so comfortable in the chair, the smell of fried onions comes from the kitchen. The thirst for comfort drowns out the natural desire to say how poorly the daughter plays, how mediocre Vera Iosifovna’s “novel” is. Thus, spiritual laziness becomes the cause of gradual personality degradation. A few years later, having met Ekaterina Ivanovna, he feels how for a moment a fire of emotional experiences lights up in his soul, but remembering how he counts banknotes in the evenings, the fire goes out. Gradually getting richer, acquiring houses, he becomes important and rude, reminiscent of a pagan god, only one passion remains in his life - money.
2. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
The power of profit and enrichment deprives Stepan Plyushkin, a stingy landowner, of his humanity, whose image personifies the complete death of the human soul. From simple frugality grows an enormous passion for hoarding. Plyushkin's life becomes a parody. Chichikov cannot recognize the owner of a rich estate in the clumsy housekeeper with a hole in the robe on the back below the waist. He himself eats at the homes of his peasants, and tons of bread rot in the owner’s yard, food goes to waste, which he himself does not eat and does not give to the peasants. He destroyed all relationships with his own children, dooming them to an existence of hunger. As a result, Plyushkin simply lost his human appearance.
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
The main character of the story is military engineer Hermann. He constantly moves among the golden youth of the capital, sees how every evening young people win and lose hundreds, thousands of rubles. Owning his father's inheritance (by the way, a very decent one), he dreams of getting rich. Having learned that the grandmother of his friend Tomsky knows the secret of the three cards, he decides to get this secret by any means. As a result, he becomes the unwitting killer of the old countess, the cause of the suffering of Lizaveta Ivanovna, her pupil. But the cards, as expected, did not make Hermann happy: the old woman in the form of the Queen of Spades fell to him in the last bet, and the loser lost all the money. Madness became a punishment for his thirst for profit.
4. I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
A wealthy manufacturer from the United States, having, in his opinion, accumulated enough money, decides to take a prestigious cruise around Europe. His money was not earned in the sense in which it is commonly believed, the author ironically writes: “He worked tirelessly - the Chinese, whom he hired thousands of to work for him, knew well what this meant!” But his whole life is surrounded by brilliance and luxury. His whole world is a world of expensive things: they press on him, they squeeze him, but he forcefully pushes his feet into stockings, then into shoes, and tries with all his might to fasten his neck cufflink. He literally fights with her, she bites him as if resisting. As a result, the master has a stroke, regardless of his wealth or the pathos with which he has surrounded himself in this life. Thus ends the fate of a person who has spent all his energy on money-grubbing and hoarding.
Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination
1. The problem of social inequality (little man).
F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” (novel).
Many of the novel's characters live below the poverty line.
The reality of today: 2/3 of Russians are begging.
Homeless people freeze to death on the street on frosty nights.
2. The problem of “fathers” and “children”.
N.V.Gogol.
"Taras Bulba" (story). Relationship between Taras and his sons. Motherly love for Ostap and Andriy.
A television film based on A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” in which the main roles are played by Nikolai Karachentsov, Evgeny Leonov, Mikhail Boyarsky.
4. The problem of the “case” of life (philistine morality, isolation).
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Minnow” (fairy tale). The main character withdrew from the hardships of life, caring only about himself and his well-being.
A.P. Chekhov “The Man in a Case” (story) The teacher of ancient languages withdrew from life, immersed everything, even his soul, in the “case”. He did nothing useful, so after his death he was quickly forgotten.
5. The problem of happiness (its understanding), the meaning of life.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (epic novel). Natasha Rostova sees happiness in the family. The meaning of her life is love, the ability to give herself to people.
N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (poem). Everyone understands happiness in their own way. ?
The peasants start an argument, finding out who is truly happy on Earth.
It turns out that this is Grisha Dobrosklonov, who is fighting for the happiness of the people.
6. The problem of patriotism, false patriotism.
N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” (story). Taras is a patriot, faithful to the people and their traditions.
His son Ostap is also a patriot, and Andriy became a traitor.
7. The problem of life choice, the problem of feat.
A.M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” (story). In “The Legend of Danko,” which is included in the story, the main character himself made his choice, sacrificing his life to save people.
A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” (story). Pyotr Grinev made his choice - to serve the Fatherland. And when Pugachev offered Grinev to go into his service in exchange for his life, Peter refused. He is ready to die, but not to betray his ideas.
8. The problem of loneliness.
M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” (story). Andrei Sokolov lost his entire family in the war: his wife and daughters died from the bombing, his house was destroyed, and his eldest son died on victory day.
The hero is very lonely. The orphan boy Vanya is also lonely, who was left without parents during the war; he has neither a family nor a home.
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” (novel). Bazarov is lonely in his views, in love, in friendship.
9. The role of personality in history.
A.S. Pushkin “Boris Godunov” (tragedy). The main reason for Boris's tragedy is that he lost the trust and respect of the people, their support.
11. Problems of war and peace (man at war, unnaturalness, inhumanity, cruelty of war).
M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” (story). The influence of war on people's destinies.
B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” (story).
The tragic fate of young female anti-aircraft gunners.
12. The problem of friendship (loyalty, betrayal, etc.)
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night” (story). The story tells about children who are fighting for their lives. They withstand everything: war, disease, hunger, wanderings, ethnic strife. And friendship helped them in this.
An example of true, noble friendship is the lyceum brotherhood of Pushkin, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Delvig...
13. The problem of ecology, worldview, human relationship to nature.
V. Astafiev “Tsar Fish” (story). The main characters of this work are Nature and Man. The king fish is a huge sturgeon with which man fights: it is a symbol of the development and taming of nature. The story is about the tragedy of a person who is closely connected with nature, but has forgotten about it and is destroying both himself and her.
The article of the Constitution on nature protection states: “Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and take care of natural resources.
14. The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language, the role of language in human life.
V. Nabokov “The Gift”. The last and best novel about the Russian language, about a person’s responsibility for how he uses this gift of fate.
I.S. Turgenev “Poems in prose.” In the poem “Russian Language,” the writer calls the Russian language “support and support” that a person needs in difficult times.
He endows the language with such epithets as great, powerful, truthful and free.
And each of them has a deep meaning.
15. The problem of attitude towards reading. The book and its role in human life.
A. Green “Scarlet Sails” and other stories. A. Green, with the power of his dreams, created a whole world in which brave, sincere men, poetic and beautiful women live. These are the main characters of his story “Scarlet Sails” - Assol and Gray. The girl always believed in miracles. And there was a young captain who could make her dream come true. And the power of love helped in this.
The ancient Greeks said that desire itself creates creation. The power of desire and dreams can turn a life around and change a person.
17. “Children’s” problem. The role of childhood in human life.
L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” (trilogy). In the autobiographical trilogy, using the example of the life of the main character Nikolenka Irtenyev, the process of formation of a human personality and the development of a child’s soul is shown.
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night” (story). This story presents the harsh prose of the lives of children during the Second World War who managed to survive and continue their lives.
18. The problem of love (tragic, unrequited, etc.)
M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” (novel). In the name of love, Margarita accomplishes a feat, overcoming fear and weakness, defeating circumstances, without demanding anything for herself. And love can resist any evil.
L.N. Tolstoy said that, as many hearts as there are, there are so many types of love.
19. The problem of creativity (inspiration, writing...)
B. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago” (novel). The main character Yuri Zhivago expresses Pasternak’s own views on the poet’s mission in the world.
Pasternak believes that creativity is a gift from God.
“Manuscripts don’t burn” - this phrase from M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” contains faith in the unstoppable power of creativity and art.
20. Family problem, home problem and homelessness.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (epic novel). Tolstoy's ideal is a family in which relationships are built on goodness and truth.
Bolkonsky, Rostov. These are not just families, these are entire ways of life based on national traditions.
M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” (epic novel). At the center of the story is the story of the Melekhov family of Don Cossacks.
M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” (novel). The novel is dedicated to the struggle between good and evil. The author in one book describes the events of the 20s of the 20th century and biblical times. The time interval of two millennia only emphasizes that the problems of good and evil are eternal and enduring. They are relevant for people of any era.
22. The problem of drug addiction, alcoholism and other addictions.
Chingiz Aitmatov “The Scaffold” (story). Young people, spurred on by alcohol and drugs, recognize only one thing - money. Evil begets evil. The author draws a parallel: wolf-man. And it seems incredible that he shows the human in the beast and exposes the bestial in people.
Is it easy to be young? It hasn't been easy at all times. But now many new youth problems have arisen. Among them are drug addiction, substance abuse, and alcoholism. These problems concern society, doctors, teachers and, of course, teenagers themselves.
23. The problem of cruelty and violence.
V. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow” (story). The main character is a weak, defenseless creature, an awkward, odd girl, Lena. Very quickly she becomes a victim of her classmates.
Anna Akhmatova experienced inhuman suffering during the years of Stalinism. Her son, Lev Gumilev, was arrested several times.
She had to stand in line outside the prison for days to give her son a package. Under the impression of these events, the poem “Requiem” was born. This work contains a universal idea about the inadmissibility and inhumanity of violence against human souls and destinies.
24. The problem of memory, historical memory, Motherland, history.
A.N. Tolstoy “Peter the Great” (novel). The history of our country has many glorious and inglorious wars and diplomatic intrigues. And we must know the past to understand the present.
And A. Tolstoy’s historical novel helps us in this, which reflects the era of Peter’s reforms and the personality of the great Peter.
As much memory as there is in a person, so much is the person in him. V. Rasputin
M.A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog” (story). Seeing the imperfection of man, Professor Preobrazhensky dreams of improving his breed. But an experiment to create a person artificially, carried out by a brilliant scientist, promises to have dire consequences for society. The professor is the first to see this danger and finds the strength to correct the mistake. This decision suggests that the professor knows how to take responsibility for his actions.
26. The problem of self-sacrifice, self-denial.
M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” (novel). Margarita leaves her wealthy life and her loving husband for the sake of her loved one.
She gives up everything and becomes the Master's only support. In order to see her loved one again, Margarita makes an agreement with the devil and destroys her immortal soul. Isn't this self-sacrifice?
A.M.
Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” (story).
The legend of Danko tells how a young man sacrificed his heart to save exhausted people, which illuminated the path to salvation.
27. The problem of truth, truth.
A.M. Gorky “At the Bottom” (play). The play shows two “truths” professed by two heroes - Luke and Satin. The wanderer Luke preaches a lie for salvation. And Satin’s truth is to look at things soberly and not deceive yourself with false hopes.
The main character, the Master, in his unexpected, sincere, bold novel, expressed the author’s understanding of the truth. What is truth? Yeshua and Pontius Pilate argue about this. In the search for truth, Bulgakov sees the meaning of human life.
28. The problem of the power of legality.
L. Borodin “The Third Truth” (story). The main character, huntsman Ivan Ryabinin, detained a malicious poacher, but he turned out to be of “high rank,” and Ivan was “convicted,” accusing him of terrorism and connections with a gang. Ivan could not prove his case in court. What people say is true: “He who has more rights is right.”
“...Everyone will be given according to his faith” M. Bulgakov
30. The problem of intelligence.
B. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago” (novel). The main character of the novel is doctor Yuri Zhivago. The work is autobiographical in nature. Behind the pages describing Yuri Zhivago, there emerges a collective image of the Russian intelligentsia, which, not without hesitation and spiritual loss, accepted the revolution.
Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is an intellectual down to the roots of his hair. Educated, cultured, tactful. He devoted his entire life to scientific activity, at the age of 90 he taught at St. Petersburg University.
This is a true example of intelligence.
31. The problem of internal struggle in a person.
F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” (novel). The image of the main character shows the tragically insoluble conflict of a man obsessed with an idea
M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” (epic novel). Monstrous fluctuations, throwing of the main character;
discrepancy between the internal aspirations of Grigory Melekhov and the life around him.
32. The problem of death and immortality.
B. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago” (novel). The hero is Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, a thinking, searching doctor, who dies in 1929. He leaves behind notes and poems written in his youth. They became an expression of joy overcoming the fear of death.
I.A.Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco” (story).
The problem of death begins to sound latently from the very first pages of the work, gradually becoming a leading motive. The author showed how insignificant a person’s life is in the eyes of others if it is so quickly forgotten.
33. The problem of preserving cultural heritage.
M.A. Bulgakov “The White Guard” (novel). This problem is revealed through the example of the fate of the Turbin family. The cult of high Russian culture, spirituality, and intelligence reigns in this noble family. They do not change their beliefs under any circumstances.
The story tells about children who are fighting for their lives. They can withstand everything. Alkhuzur nurses the sick Kolka, and he, in turn, saves a Chechen boy from a Russian soldier who could have killed him. Mutual assistance determines their future fate. The boys then sealed their brotherhood with blood. And nothing could separate them anymore.
During the Great Patriotic War, people of different nationalities fought side by side.
There were no differences. They went into battle for a just cause.
Literary arguments for an essay - reasoning. Unified State Examination, Russian language.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without work
Until twenty-six years old,
Languishing in idle leisure,
No work, no wife, no business
I didn't know how to do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”
3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.
2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.
3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment.” It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”
9) Friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son, Rodion, returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is peace, they live forever;
And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,
But a person contains everything within himself,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11)Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will prove historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.
13) Conscience.
1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.
3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” conditioned by his upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. His role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.
We consider 2.M.Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.
15) Officials. Power.
1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.
3. Our society has moved to a new level of management, so the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In the comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"
17)Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew foreign languages perfectly and had studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests and give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.
2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:
And the right to a place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Glory to the workers only,
Only for them - a wreath for centuries!
19) Theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!
20)Purity of language.
1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant that your beloved be different!
21)Nature. Ecology.
1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about itcprotection for purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,
Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...
In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.
2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art .
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:
You can live without Pushkin
And without Mozart's music too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
Without a doubt, you can live.
Even better, calmer, simpler
Without absurd passions and anxieties
And more carefree, of course,
Just how to meet this deadline?..
23) About our little brothers .
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Homeland. Small homeland.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:
Woven over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people.
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
You should be happy
And to my native fatherland
Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.
26) Beauty.
Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with himWith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great man. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,
It would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works are “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin’s Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
Unfortunately, money and the passion for hoarding have recently become the universal measure of all the values of many people. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.
For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .
30) Freedom - non-freedom.
I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.
31) Time problem .
During his long creative life, L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...
32) Morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin,
Because they doubted God,
He punished everyone with love
So that in pain we learn to believe.
33) Space.
Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.
34Favorite city.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:
And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin
It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In S. Yesenin’s poems we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:
O Rus', flap your wings,
Put up another support!
With other names
A different steppe is emerging.
36) Historical memory.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) The most deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of Morpheus after dinner and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn... (4) I’ve been tired of reading since time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to go for a ride... (5) What to do? (6) How to have fun?
- (7) Some young lady has come! - Yegor reported.
- (8) He’s asking you!
- (9) Young lady? Hm... (10) Who is this?
(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.
“(13) Sorry,” she began in a trembling treble.
- (14) I, you know... (15) I was told that you... you can only be found at six o’clock...(16) I... I... the daughter of court councilor Paltsev...
- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I help? (19) Sit down, don’t be shy!
“(20) I came to you with a request...” the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to my homeland. (22) I heard you give... (23) I want to go, but I... I’m not rich... (24) I need to go from St. Petersburg to Kursk...
- Hm... (25) So... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) Is there anything you don’t like here?
- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm visiting my parents. (30) I haven’t been to them for a long time... (31) Mom, they write, is sick...
- Hm... (32) Do you serve or study here?(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much salary she received, how much work there was...
- (34) You served... (35) Yes, sir, it’s impossible to say that your salary was great...
(36) It would be inhumane not to give you a free ticket... Hm... (37) Well, I suppose there’s a little cupid in Kursk, huh? (38) Cupid... (39) Groom? (40) Are you blushing? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing. (43) Go for yourself. (44) It’s time for you to get married... (45) Who is he?
- (46) In officials.
- (47) It’s a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk there is a smell of cabbage soup and cockroaches are crawling... (50) Perhaps there is boredom in this Kursk? (51) Take off your hat! (52) Egor, give us some tea!
(53) The young lady, who did not expect such an affectionate welcome, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the entertainment in Kursk... (54) She said that she had a brother who was an official, cousins who were high school students... (55) Yegor served tea.
(56) The young lady timidly reached for the glass and, afraid to smack, began to silently swallow...
(57) The gracious sir looked at her and grinned... (58) He no longer felt bored... - (59) Is your fiancé good-looking? - he asked. - (60) How did you get along with him?
(61) The young lady answered both questions with embarrassment. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how suitors had wooed her here in St. Petersburg and how she refused them... (63) She ended up taking a letter from her parents from her pocket and reading it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o’clock struck.
- (65) And your father has good handwriting... (66) What squiggles he writes with! (67) Hehe...
:
(68) But, however, I have to go... (69) It has already begun in the theater... (70) Goodbye, Marya Efimovna!
- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, getting up.
- (72) For what?
- (73) If you give me a free ticket...- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Hm... (76) I don’t have tickets! (77) You must have made a mistake, madam...
(78) He-he-he... (79) You got to the wrong place, at the wrong entrance... there really is some kind of railway worker who lives next to me, and I work in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Goodbye, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad... very glad...
(83) The young lady got dressed and went out... (84) At another entrance she was told that he left at half past seven for Moscow.
(According to A.P. Chekhov)
Introduction
In life, we often encounter injustice, the disdainful attitude of people who have some kind of power over others. People who are financially secure do not understand the poor, do not consider it necessary to take their opinion into account, and simply do not perceive them as equals. Simple, “little” people become the subject of ridicule and insults from those in power.
A comment
The presented text raises the topic of relationships between people of different classes - a young poor girl asking for money, and a bored “gracious sovereign” who does not know what to do with himself in the coming day.
The girl urgently needs to go home, and she, having heard somewhere that the master was giving out free tickets to everyone in need, came to him for help. He asks for all the details of her personal life, the reasons why she is in such a hurry to Kursk. The “young lady,” in her naivety, shares her hopes and dreams, rejoicing at such a warm welcome. However, in the end it turns out that she was at the wrong entrance, and the “dear sir” was just talking to her out of boredom.
Instead of somehow helping his interlocutor, he leaves. She acted as a kind of toy for the bank employee, and he is not at all worried about her future fate.
Soon the girl learns that the railway worker from the next door is no longer at home. So she is left with nothing.
Topic, problem, idea
In Russian literature, the theme of the little man has become classic. Satirist writers have thought a lot about this, exposing the imperfections of the social structure of our Motherland. A.P. was no exception. Chekhov, who thought a lot about social order, looked closely at many images typical of his time - officials of various ranks, landowners, peasants, the poor, beggars.
The text raises the problem of social inequality, in other words, the problem of the little man.
Author's position
Chekhov clearly has a negative attitude towards the “gracious sir.” This can be seen already from the first phrase of the text, which talks about “a well-fed, shiny face.” The girl, on the contrary, evokes sympathy from the author. Her descriptions are pleasant, without caricature: “pretty brunette”, “fiddle with her buttons with trembling hands.” We can say that Chekhov stands on the side of the “little people” who are afraid of everything in life, and condemns the inhumanity of the highest circles.
Your position
I really want to agree with the author, because, knowing all the life difficulties of the young brunette, the bank employee could at least give her money, if it didn’t work out with the ticket. The trouble is that rich people are looking for benefit in everything only for themselves, and the environment around them does not bother them. They seem to be dead internally. Chekhov, in my opinion, by raising this problem, wants to shake up society, force people of high rank to look at themselves from the outside.
Arguments and examples
The topic of social inequality, the relationship of the poor with the rich, and people without rights with people of high status has been repeatedly raised in literature.
F.M. Dostoevsky in his novel “Crime and Punishment” presents a gallery of people who are beyond the poverty line. The main plot action begins precisely in the clash between a poor student and an old money-lender who profits from the misfortunes of other poor people.
Poverty drives Raskolnikov to thoughts of murder. By this action, he seems to be trying to prove to himself that he is not a simple “little man” who is not able to influence anything, but “has the right” - deciding the destinies of people.
I think that such a terrible act by Raskolnikov was initially caused by his desire to save the people around him from social injustice in the person of his grandmother-pawnbroker.
There are many examples in real life. According to statistics, more than half of the Russian population lives in very difficult living conditions, often without work, without money and, in fact, without rights. Remember how many homeless people froze to death on the street last winter, how many sick grandparents live in landfills. The worst thing is that it is very difficult for them to get out of poverty, because others do not respect them and consider them people without a future.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, as long as people in society are divided into rich and poor, as long as social inequality flourishes, there will be a place for callousness, immorality, and indifference in our society. However, I would like to believe that people will become kinder and more tolerant of each other, because we are all equal before God!
What is poverty? What is worse: spiritual poverty or material poverty? Can a person, without having a penny behind him, be truly rich?
These questions arise when reading the text of Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, and he also reflects on the problem of spiritual and material poverty. Nowadays, this problem is very common and is attracting more and more attention.
The author believes that there are two types of poverty: spiritual, when a person is poor in soul, but at the same time can consider himself superior to others, and material, when a person can experience financial difficulties, but do not lose heart and still remain happy.
I support the author's position. Man, by nature, is insatiable. He will always want more materially, and if this is not stopped, then material needs can “crush” spiritual ones. Then a person may gain wealth, but will lose his rich inner world. To prevent this, you should develop in different plans and not give free rein to greed.
Sometimes, while engaging in material accumulation, a person loses his essence, he may even lose his appearance, as, for example, happened with the character of N.
V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - Stepan Plyushkin. His surname even became a common noun to denote morbid stinginess. He is a real example of how a person degrades by having almost everything, materially, but having absolutely nothing in the soul.
We see typical and similar situations in real life, but there are still people who have not fallen morally and have preserved the riches of their souls. An example is Paralympic athletes. These are people who, having physical disabilities, did not break, did not become impoverished in soul, and did not give up. And even if they are weak physically, they can be mentally stronger than any other person.
Thus, a person, acquiring material values for the development and well-being of his life, should also not forget about the development of his inner world.