In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: I. Literature of the time of Peter the Great. II years III.1760s – first half of the 70s. IV.The last quarter of a century.
Literature of Peter's time It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.
Feofan Prokopovich The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.
Second period (years) This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, in-depth development literary language. The basis of classicism was the orientation towards high samples ancient art as a standard artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres)
Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir () Author of satires in which it is noted National character, connection with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky () He was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for further development Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammar”, and the theory of the three calms.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () Lomonosov's enlightenment views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov () Also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as an author love lyrics(songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies, in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies, fables (he wrote 400 fables).
Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s) During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, the dominance of noble class. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working.
Fourth period Literature last quarter The 18th century developed during a period of upheavals, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). Blooms in the fourth period comic opera, the work of D.I. Fonvizin () - the author of many fables (“Moralizing fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “Brigadier” and famous comedy"Undergrown."
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin () Many poems and famous odes belong to his pen (“Ode on Her Majesty’s Birthday...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce colloquial vocabulary and vernacular into poetry; he strengthened the democratic foundations of the literary language.
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev () Ivan Andreevich Krylov () Writer, philosopher, poet. Author of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” Protest against slavery and spiritual enslavement constitutes the main pathos of this work. A famous fabulist, whose works also include tragedies (“Philomela”, “Cleopatra”) and comedies (“Fashion Shop”, etc.)
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin () N.M. Karamzin headed the sentimental romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “ Poor Lisa", "Natalia - the boyar's daughter."
“Literature of the era of classicism” - Heroes of classic works. The principle of “three unities” follows from the requirement to imitate nature. The last quarter of a century. Features of classicism. IN AND. Maikov. The period of development of classicism. Classicism in Russian and world art. Russian literature of the 18th century. Tragedy, heroic poem, ode, epic. The origins of world classicism are France in the 17th century. Becoming new literature. Lesson - lecture.
"Sentimentalism" - Russian sentimentalism. New Eloise. Thomas Gray. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. Novels by Samuel Richardson. Sentimentalism in France. Laurence Stern. Features of Russian sentimentalism. Sentimentalism in England. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Sentimentalism.
“Literature of the 18th-19th centuries” - Romanticism. "Cain". Features of classicism in Russia. The originality of Russian sentimentalism. Poem "Mtsyri". Sentimentalism. Main features romantic hero. M.Yu. Lermontov poem “Demon”. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Literary directions.
“Literature of Russia of the 18th century” - Classicism. N.M. Karamzin. Appeal to the images and forms of ancient art. Ode genre. Russian literature of the 18th century. It's a troubled time. French classicism. Calm. Ode on the Day of Ascension. Nobility. Assignment for the story “Poor Liza.” Genre - style reform. Love triangle. F. Shubin. Great conquests. Features of classicism. Sentimentalism.
“Writers of the 18th century” - Took everyone... Russian literary language in the second half 18th century. Controversy around the “new” and “old” syllable. The satire of Novikov's magazines was directed against serfdom. Peculiarities of the language of D. I. Fonvizin’s comedies using the example of the comedy “Undergrowth”. Features of the language and style of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A.N. Radishcheva. N.M. Karamzin’s contribution to the development of the Russian literary language. Radishchev reproduces the petty-bourgeois vernacular just as reliably.
“Literature of the 18th century” - Old and new. Literary culture Peter's time. The noblest class. Practical functions. Joke. Literature of the 18th century Poetics of words. Parable of the Ten Virgins. Change of writer's type. The government is synodal. Given the year of the Lord 1710. Symbols and emblem. Lamps. Apologist of royal power. Creative heritage Feofan. Stefan Yavorsky. Feofan Prokopovich. Sims letters. Funeral word.
Slide 1
Review of themes and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century.
Russian literature of the 18th century
Slide 2
In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods:
Literature of Peter's time. 1730-1750 1760s – first half of the 70s. The last quarter of a century.
Slide 3
Literature of Peter's time
It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.
Slide 4
Feofan Prokopovich
The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.
Slide 5
Second period (1730-1750)
This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, and in-depth development of the literary language.
The basis of classicism was an orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard of artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres), comedy, fable, satire (low genres)
Slide 6
Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744)
The author of satires in which the national flavor and connection with oral folk art are noted, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the doctrine”, “On the envy and pride of the evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”
Slide 7
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769)
He was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.
Slide 8
One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of the “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammar”, and the theory of the three calms.
Slide 9
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765)
Lomonosov's educational views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.
Slide 10
He also went down in the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies , fables (they wrote 400 fables).
Slide 11
Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s)
During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, and the dominance of the noble class intensifies. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working.
Slide 12
The fourth period
Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheaval, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, comic opera flourished, the work of D.I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables (“Moralizing Fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.”
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826)
N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “Poor Liza”, “Natalia – the Boyar’s Daughter”.
IN early XVIII century, during the Peter the Great era, Russia began to develop rapidly thanks to transformations in all areas of state and cultural life. Russia's independence strengthened. She has grown up military power. There was a cultural rapprochement with European countries.
Russian society achieved enormous results in the field of culture and literature in the 18th century - "Vedomosti" 1708 - replacement of the Church Slavonic font with a secular one (civil) Organization of the education system, emphasis on natural science and technical subjects, education as practical value 1725 - creation of the Academy of Sciences 1719 - Kunstkamera January 1, 1700 - new chronology Changes in everyday life (barber shaving, European costume, smoking tobacco, holding assemblies (1718)) 1717 - “An Honest Mirror of Youth”
The literature of the 18th century was associated with the best traditions ancient Russian literature(idea about the important role of literature in the life of society, its patriotic orientation). Reform activities Peter I, renewal and Europeanization of Russia, broad state building, the transformation of the country into a strong world power under the cruelty of the serfdom system - all this was reflected in the literature of that time. Leading literary movement The 18th century became classicism. Since the 60s In the 18th century, a new literary trend emerged in Russian literature - sentimentalism.
Classicism From Latin word"classicus" - exemplary. Style and direction in art XVII- early XIX centuries, focusing on the heritage of ancient culture as the norm and ideal example. Classicism is characterized by strict organization of logical, clear and harmonious images. Genres of classicism: Ode, tragedy, high satire, fable.
Classicism reached its heyday in France in the second half of the 17th century. The works of classic writers reflected the ideas of a strong independent state with the absolute power of the monarch. The main conflict in the works of classicism is the conflict between duty and feeling. At the center of these works is a person who has subordinated the personal to the public. For him, above all else is the duty of a citizen, serving the interests of the homeland and the state. Such a citizen must first of all be the monarch. The classicists considered reason to be the highest criterion of the true and beautiful.
In Russian literature, classicism was closely associated with the ideas of the European Enlightenment, such as: the establishment of firm and fair laws, enlightenment and education of the nation, the desire to penetrate the secrets of the universe, and the affirmation of the natural equality of people of all classes.
Features of Russian classicism: Strong connection with modern reality. Images goodies, unable to come to terms with social injustice. The conflict (for example, duty and passion) is resolvable and can end happily for the heroes. The lyrical genre comes first.
Sentimentalism Sentiment (French feeling, sensitive) Arose in Western Europe in the 20s. 18th century, in Russia in the 70s. 18th century, and in the first third of the 19th century it took a leading position. Features of the direction: Sincere interest in the personality, character of a person, his inner world. The ability to feel!!! – dignity human personality. Glorification of eternal values - love, friendship, nature. Genres: travel, diary, essay, story, everyday novel, elegy, correspondence, “tearful comedy.” The setting is small towns and villages. Lots of descriptions of nature. Comforting people in suffering and sorrow, turning them to virtue, harmony and beauty.
Like the classicists, sentimentalist writers relied on the ideas of the Enlightenment that the value of a person does not depend on his belonging to upper classes, but from his personal merits. The classicists subordinated everything to reason, the sentimentalists - to feelings, experiences and all kinds of shades of mood. Examples of works of sentimentalism in the West: “Clarissa” by S. Richardson, “The Sorrows of Young Werther” by I.V. Goethe. N.M. is considered to be the head of Russian sentimentalism. Karamzin. In the story "Poor Liza" Karamzin first discovered the world of human feelings, the depth and power of the love of a simple peasant woman. Revealing the world of feelings, the literature of sentimentalism cultivated in a person dignity and respect for his strengths, abilities, and experiences, regardless of his position in society.
RUSSIAN LITERATURE XVIII CENTURIES
Prepared by Alena Khasanovna Borisova,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU Algasovskaya secondary school
Russian literature of the 15th-3rd century developed under the influence of the great changes that were introduced into the socio-political and cultural life countries of the reform of Peter I.
From the beginning of the XV I II century, old Moscow Rus' turned into Russian Empire. Peter I introduced something new that he considered necessary for the state.
The second third of the 18th century is an important period in the development of Russian literature
Appeared prominent figures Russian fiction(theorists and writers); an entire literary movement is born and takes shape, that is, in the work of a number of writers, common ideological and artistic features are revealed.
Literary directions XVIII century
The main direction was classicism
(from Latin classicus - exemplary).
Representatives of this movement proclaimed the highest form of artistic creativity Ancient Greece and Rome.
These works were recognized as classic, that is, exemplary, and writers were encouraged to imitate
them to create truly artistic works themselves.
Artist, in thought
the founders of classicism,
comprehends reality in order to
then display it in your work
not a specific person with his
passions, and the type of person is a myth.
If this is a hero, then without flaws,
if the character is satirical, then he is completely funny.
- Russian classicism originated and developed on original soil. It was distinguished by its satirical focus and choice of national and historical themes.
- Russian classicism attached special importance to “high” genres: epic poem, tragedy, ceremonial ode.
Since the 70s of the 18th century. a new direction is emerging in literature - sentimentalism
- Placed in the center of the image daily life common man. His personal emotional experiences. His feelings and moods.
- With it new genres appear: travel and sensitive story. Special merit in the development of this genre belongs to N. M. Karamzin (the story “Poor Liza”, “Letters of a Russian Traveler”). Intruded into literature A New Look for life, arose new structure narratives: the writer looked more closely at reality and depicted it more truthfully.
Antioch Kamtemir (1708-1744)
On January 1, 1732, A. Cantemir was appointed Russian ambassador in London. It was at this time that his literary talent blossomed. He writes and translates a lot.
A. Cantemir also wrote religious-philosophical work
"Letters on Nature and Man".
Greek monastery.
V. K. Trediakovsky (1703-1768)
Poet and philologist Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky was born in Astrakhan, into the family of a priest. He received his education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In 1726 he fled abroad, to Holland, and later moved to France. At the Sorbonne he studied theology, mathematics and philosophy. In 1730 he returned to Russia, becoming one of the most educated people of his time and the first Russian academician. In the same year he published his first printed work, “Riding to the Island of Love,” a translation of an ancient book French author. There were also poems by Trediakovsky himself. The publication immediately made him a famous, fashionable poet.
Sincerely devoted to Russian literature, V.K. Trediakovsky was the author of dozens of volumes of translations and a brilliant expert on the theory of European poetry.
A. P. Sumarokov (1718-1777)
At the age of 13, A.P. Sumarokov was sent to the “knightly academy” - the Land Noble Corps. There were so many lovers of Russian literature here that a “society” was even organized: in free time The cadets read their works to each other. Sumarokov also discovered his talent; he became interested in French songs and began to compose Russian songs based on their model.
IN cadet corps for the first time they performed the tragedies of A.P. Sumarokov “Khoreev”, “The Hermit” (1757); “Yaropolk and Dimisa” (1758) and comedies. One of the best is “The Guardian,” staged in 1768.
Sumarokov rose to the rank of actual state councilor and became the most popular poet of his era. He also wrote philosophical and mathematical works.
M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765)
Lomonosov was a brilliant son of the Russian people, who passionately loved his country. embodied in him best features, characteristic of the Russian people
The breadth, depth and variety of his scientific interests were amazing. He truly was the father of new Russian science and culture. The most remarkable thing about him was the combination of a scientist, public figure and a poet.
He wrote odes, tragedies, lyrical and satirical poems, fables, and epigrams. He carried out a reform of versification, outlined the theory of three “calms”
G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816)
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was born in
Kazan in the family of an army officer. In childhood
he was frail and weak, but he was different
“extreme inclination towards science.”
In 1759, Derzhavin nevertheless entered Kazan in
gymnasium. In 1762 G. R. Derzhavin entered
for military service.
After ten years of military service, G.R.
Derzhavin was promoted to officer.
In 1784 G. R. Derzhavin was appointed Olonets
governor. Not getting along with the governor of the region, he was
transferred by the governor to Tambov.
He wrote the odes “Felitsa”, “Monument” and many poems.
D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792)
D. I. Fonvizin was born in Moscow on April 3, 1745. In 1762, Fonvizin graduated from the noble gymnasium at Moscow University and entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs.
Since 1769 he has been one of the secretaries of Count N.I. Panin.
In the mid-60s of the 18th century. Fonvizin becomes famous writer. The comedy “Brigadier” brought him fame. One of the most significant works D.I. Fonvizina - comedy"Undergrown."
In 1782 he retired and decided to devote himself entirely to literature.
IN last years During his life, D.I. Fonvizin thought intensely about the high responsibilities of the Russian nobility.
A. N. Radishchev (1749-1802)
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was born in Moscow and spent his childhood on a Saratov estate. The richest landowners, the Radishchevs, owned thousands of serf souls.
During the Pugachev uprising, the peasants did not hand them over, they hid them in their yards, smeared with soot and dirt - they remembered that the owners were kind.
In his youth, A. N. Radishchev was the page of Catherine II. Together with other educated young men, he was sent to Leipzig to study, and in 1771, 22-year-old Radishchev returned to Russia and became a protocol officer for the Senate. As part of his job, he had to deal with a lot of court documents.
Based on the information received, he writes his own famous work"Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow"
Results of the development of literature XVIII century
Throughout the 17th century, Russian
Fiction has made significant progress.
Appear literary trends, dramaturgy, epic, lyricism develops