A subordinate relationship is a relationship between the parts of a complex sentence or phrase in which one part is the control one, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.
Types of subordinating connections in phrases
There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.
Coordination
Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.
Examples: beautiful color ok, another world, day nine.
As we can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.
Control
The main word in management makes the secondary one dependent with the help of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.
Examples: sitting on a bench, those who know the truth, entering the room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.
In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.
The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it comes out " corn porridge“, accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except coordination, are suitable here. This means that everything was done correctly.
If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.
Adjacency
IN in this case the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is made between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of comparative degree.
Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.
It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case and gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.
We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.
Subordinating connection in a sentence
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason it can be noted that subordinating connection, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of subordination.
Consistent submission
With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.
Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”
Parallel subordination
This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.
Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.
The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”
Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.
Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.
The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.
All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have discussed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.
Phrase.
Using the site, you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.
Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).
Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.
In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:
Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.
Trap!
The following are not subordinating phrases:
1. Combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;
2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beatscrew around, play the fool, headlong;
3. Subject and predicate: night came;
4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;
5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: fathers and sons.
Video about types of subordinating connections
If you like the video format, you can watch it.
There are three types of subordinating connections:
| connection type | what part of speech can a dependent word be? | what question is asked to the dependent word |
| agreement (when the main word changes, the dependent word changes): seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home |
adjective, participle, ordinal number, some categories of pronouns | Which? Questions may vary by case! |
| control (when the main word changes, the dependent word does not change): | noun or pronoun in oblique case with or without preposition | questions of indirect cases (who? what? - about whom? about what?) Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below) |
| adjacency (dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech!): listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg |
1. infinitive 2. participle 3. adverb 4. possessive pronouns(his, her, theirs) |
1. what to do? what to do? 2. doing what? what did you do? 3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why? |
Distinguish!
Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.
Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.
Algorithm of actions No. 1.
1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.
2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.
3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.
4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.
Analysis of the task.
What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.
We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch – the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.
Algorithm of actions No. 2.
1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.
2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?
3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.
4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).
5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.
Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
- Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, a syntactic lexical unit contains several grammar basics, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Non-union designs
In this type of lexical constructions, 2 can be combined simple sentences or more, which are interconnected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:
- Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
- A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.
A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-union polynomial constructions
IN complex connections their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:
- The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.
Unionless designs are most often used for transmission large quantity information that is not always related in meaning.
Dividing marks in non-union formations
These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
- When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
- When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
- In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Complex constructions
In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Does the wind bring strange sound, then he himself is approaching us.
- Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed types of communication
Constructions where there is both a non-union and a union coordinating connection at the same time are found quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the line between them is separators, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.
Complex sentences (CSS) – syntactic constructions, containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship and connected by appropriate conjunctions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.
In order to identify sentences with a subordinating connection, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:
- two or more simple sentences that represent unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
- there is a subordinating conjunction or allied word;
- in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.
In the IPP, from the main part to the subordinate part, you can pose a question. The type of connection depends on it. Examples: “We were unable to receive instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early,” “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?).”
Connection in a phrase
Useful video: what are complex sentences
Means of subordinate communication
Parts of a sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions: while, as, if, so that, since, as if and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.
Sometimes other parts are used to connect the main and dependent parts. language means– allied words, which include:
- relative: who, what, which, etc.;
- relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.
Conjunctive words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:
| Communication type | Meaningful relations | Examples |
| Explanatory | formulates an explanation | I told my mom not to worry about me |
| Temporary | Indicate the time of action, specify the time | Marina ordered flowers when she heard that it was Masha’s birthday |
| Causal | expresses the reason for an action | I never thought about this before because I didn't know it could happen. |
| Conditional | Formulate conditional relationships | Dmitry would have placed an order immediately if he knew that the price of the goods would rise. |
| Target | Formulate target relationships | Oksana sang to earn money |
| Concessive | Formulate concessional relations | Even though it was raining outside, there were a lot of people on the beach. |
A conjunction and a connecting word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In the schematic representation, the conjunction belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.
Attention! A conjunctive word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.
For example: “There are no events that could be changed.” In this example, the word “which” is not a conjunction, but a conjunction word.
Types of subordination
A complex sentence may have more than one dependent part. They communicate with each other in different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:
- homogeneous;
- parallel;
- sequential;
- combined.
Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the others in certain characteristics.
Types of subordinating connections
Homogeneous and parallel
A homogeneous connection is formed provided that all dependent parts belong to the main one or belong to the same type. For example: “It seemed to me that I saw daylight, that I heard strange sounds, that I felt cold.”
Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and relate to the main one according to one characteristic. They refer to the same word and belong to the same species. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.
Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the conditions of homogeneity is not met.
For example, subordinate clauses can refer to one word, but at the same time answer various questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? what?) what exactly I felt for its characters”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, which one?), which talked about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.”
Homogeneous connection
Sequential and combined
Sequential subordination is connections in a sentence in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a “chain”, i.e. that is, each subsequent element depends on the previous one. They are defined as subordinate clauses of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a film (which one?), where the actor (which one?) played, whom he loved (when?), when he was a child (which one?), who was in love with pictures about heroes.”
In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.
In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, and homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long structures with a large number of dependent ones. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurt from the weather or from being overwhelmed at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.
Pay attention! In order to determine the type of connection, use diagrams and symbols for the main members, arrows for questions and brackets to indicate the beginning and end of dependent elements.
SPP with combined subordination
Punctuation marks
In SPP, the position of the subordinate clause can be different:
- is found after the main clause;
- “surrounded” by the main one on both sides;
- located in front of the main one.
Subordinate clauses are always separated by commas.
Useful video: punctuation marks in BSC and types of BSC
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both of them fulfill their purpose in speech main function- communicative.
Types of complex sentences in Russian
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.
Compound Sentences
Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.
- With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.
The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.
A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).
- With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
- With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).
Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.
Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections
The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.
Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.
Types of subordinate clauses in SPP
It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.
Subordinate clause type | Question | Communication tool | Example |
|
Definitive | Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc. | There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin. |
||
Explanatory | Cases | What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc. | Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem. |
|
Circumstantial | When? How long? | When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc. | The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all. |
|
Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them. |
||
Why? Why? | Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc. | The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort. |
||
Consequences | What follows from this? | By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on. |
||
Under what conditions? | If, when (= if), if, once, in case | If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry. |
||
For what? For what purpose? | In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only, | Frolov was ready for anything to get this place. |
||
Despite what? In spite of what? | Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc. | Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization. |
||
Comparisons | How? Like what? | As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if, | Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag. |
|
Measures and degrees | To what extent? | What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much | There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy. |
|
Connection | what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this | There was still no car, why The anxiety only grew. |
||
SPP with several subordinate clauses
Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.
Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).
- With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
- With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
- With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and belong to different words(the whole part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.
Non-union complex sentence
The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.
Types of non-union complex sentences
- The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
- The parts are unequal, the second:
- reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
- complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
- indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).
3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:
- the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
- in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).
JV with different types of communications
Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) With various types communications. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.
The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:
