Complex sentences, as is well known, are structures that contain more than one simple sentence. are divided into three types:
- complex non-union (SBP),
- compound compounds (CSP),
- complex sentences (CSS).
Each type has its own characteristics, but in speech their role is similar: complex and complex sentences, as well as non-conjunctive sentences, make speech as informative as possible, allow you to convey different semantic relationships, express stylistic features speech. SSP, SBP, SPP are most often used in book speech. They often turn out to be cumbersome.
Complex sentences are one of the most complex and diverse types of syntactic structures.
This is called a BSC syntactic construction, in which the parts are connected or by allied words. It follows from this that in the SPP the parts are not equivalent. The dependent clause is called a subordinate clause. The part to which it obeys is the main one. The conjunction or allied word is included in the subordinate clause. ( When he got hot, Maxim went out onto the balcony. She didn't come to the party because the mood was ruined.)
The parts of the NGN are connected structurally and in meaning. It often happens that the main part is simply incomprehensible, and therefore cannot exist without a subordinate clause. (She felt that her stupid trick will still have consequences. I'm the one to then this disgrace will finally stop).
Depending on the conjunctions and the meaning of the subordinate clause, complex sentences are divided into types. Some philological schools divide subordinate clauses into two groups: definitive and additional. However, most scientists have a different opinion, dividing complex sentences into 10 types according to the meaning of subordinate clauses. It is this classification that is studied at school.
They answer the question (Which one?). In them, subordinate clauses are joined by conjunctions (where, from where, which, whose, etc.) or by allied words (so that, as if, exactly, as if).
*Note. Conjunctive words are members of a sentence, conjunctions are not.
Examples. From the apartment opposite came screams (what kind?), who didn't let me sleep. Through the window one could see a plain (what kind?), oh from where an incomprehensible rumble could be heard from time to time. I saw her like this (what?) as if she had just stepped out of a photograph.
Complex sentences with use conjunctions (like, what, so that, as if) and allied words (who, where, how) to connect parts. The subordinate clauses in them answer this, the main feature of explanatory clauses. (She was convinced once again the fact (what?) is that the delegation is delayed. She returned the kiss to the one (who?) who has been waiting for this for so long.).
Complex subordinates with subordinate clauses of the manner of action (How? To what extent? How much?) use conjunctions (as, as if, exactly, etc.), allied words (as far as). (He prepared so (how much?) as far as time and his meager mind allowed.)
Subordinate clauses (Where? From where?) use allied words (where, there, where and the like) (I will live there (Where?), where the sun dives into the sea every day.)
Subordinate clauses (What time? How much?) are added using relative words (until, when, before, etc.) (I will repeat until (Until when? How much?), until you remember.)
There are other types of complex sentences - these are subordinates with subordinate clauses
Conditions (I will forgive you (under what condition?), e if you correct your mistake.)
Reasons (I was very surprised, for the reason that I wasn’t ready for his outburst.)
Goals (I'll be back, h so that we can make the world more beautiful.)
Comparative (We were so happy, as if Vera were dear to us.)
Concessive (Everything fell out of his hands, no matter how hard Senka tried. Despite the whispers that accompanied her everywhere, Nellie walked with her head held high.)
Consequences (He shouted, t So things were taking a bad turn.)
Connecting (He was wrong, which he hastened to voluntarily admit.)
Learning syntax causes certain difficulties, which is primarily due to the variety of structures and concepts. is distinguished by the presence of several predicative parts that can be independent. This is a compound sentence. Or they can be dependent and main - this is a complex sentence. In the article we're talking about about SPP with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence with subordinate connection of parts
Sentences, where one part is the main part and the other dependent parts, can be different in their structure and in the meaning of the subordinate parts. If the subordinate part of the NGN responds to cases, then this is an explanatory part. For example:
- Peter claimed that he was not at the meeting.
- Catherine understood why they were doing this work.
- The cat knew that she would be punished for her antics.
In cases where a circumstantial question is asked to the subordinate clause, this is a sentence. For example:
- They met in the park after the demonstration ended.
- Since a storm began, the boat trip had to be postponed.
- Maxim was where his friends lived.
For SPPs with attributive clauses, the question “which” is asked. For example:
This bird, which has flown over the sea several times, is called a loon.
The boy, whose parents worked at a facility in Sochi, showed excellent results in sports.
The estate, which is located within the reserve, is a museum.
Punctuation in NGN
What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? In Russian grammar it is customary to separate main part from the subordinate clause with commas. In most cases, it precedes a conjunction or is a member of a sentence; you can ask a question to it): " The tourists stopped for the night in a tent camp because they still had to long haul to the mountains."
There are many examples when a comma is placed at the end of the main part, but not before a conjunction/conjunctive word (this is especially often observed in SPPs with attributive clauses): " The path to the source lay through a gorge, the location of which was known to few."
In cases where the subordinate clause is located in the middle of the main clause, commas are placed on both sides of the dependent clause: " The house they moved into was larger and brighter."
Punctuation marks are placed according to the same syntactic rules: after each part there is a comma (most often before conjunctions/conjunctive words). For example: " When I got up full moon, the guys saw how mysteriously they were splashing sea waves, the sounds of which they had heard for a long time."
Subordinate clause
- The attributive dependent part reveals some characteristics of the word indicated in the main part. This subordinate clause is comparable to simple definition: "It was a wonderful day"/ "It turned out to be a day that we had been dreaming about for a long time." The difference is not only syntactic, but also semantic: if definitions name the object directly, then the subordinate part draws the object through the situation. With the help of allied words, SPPs with subordinate attributive clauses are added. Example sentences:
- The car that Maria bought in Japan was reliable and economical.
- Misha brought apples from the orchard, where pears and plums also grew.
- The father showed tickets to Venice, where the whole family will go in September.
At the same time, there are allied words that are basic for such sentences: “which”, “whose”, “which”. Others are considered non-essential: “where”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “from where”.
Features of the subordinate clause
Having briefly described the main characteristics of the structures, we can make a short summary of “SPP with a subordinate attributive”. The main features of such proposals are revealed below:
Pronominal-defining sentences
From SPPs with subordinate attributives, where the dependent part refers to a noun with a demonstrative pronoun, it is necessary to distinguish those that depend on the demonstrative pronoun itself. Such sentences are called pronominal attributive sentences. For comparison: " Those who have not passed will not be allowed to take the test. laboratory work"/ "Those students who have not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test." The first sentence is pronominal-definitive, since in it the subordinate part depends on the demonstrative pronoun “that”, which cannot be removed from the sentence. In the second sentence, the dependent part refers to the noun "students", which has demonstrative pronoun“those”, and it can be omitted, therefore it is a attributive clause.
Exercises on the topic
The “SPP with subordinate attributive” test will help to consolidate the theoretical information presented above.
- Which sentence contains an IPP with a subordinate clause?
a) Yegor was informed about what had happened late, which he did not like.
b) Due to the fact that the meeting was delayed, the lawyer was late for the meeting.
c) The grove, where many birches grew, attracted mushroom pickers after the rain.
d) The sea was calm when they reached the shore.
2. Find a pronominal attribute among the sentences.
a) He has not yet been seen as he was yesterday at the meeting.
b) The city that appeared on the horizon was Beirut.
c) Everyone liked the idea that came into his head.
d) The school her sister went to was in another city.
3. In which answer option does the subordinate part break the main part?
a) He will not understand Pushkin who has not read him with his soul.
b) The water in the river, which was located on the outskirts of the city, was cold.
c) His friend, whom he met at the conference, was invited to his birthday.
d) Vasily called the doctor, whose number was given by Daria Nikolaevna.
4. Indicate the subordinate clause.
a) He knew where the cargo was delivered from.
b) The country where he came from was in the center of Africa.
c) Where Mikhail came from was known only to his father.
d) She went to the window from where the voices were coming.
5. Indicate a sentence with a pronominal clause.
a) The street that ran parallel to the avenue was the oldest in the city.
b) The one in the yellow suit turned out to be Ipatov’s wife.
c) The girl that Nikolai met in the park was a friend of his sister.
d) Lydia was attracted by the song that the children performed on stage.
SPP are constructions consisting of 2 or more predicative parts, connected subordinating connection(using conjunctions and allied words).
*** To the history of the issue:
The history of the study of SPP begins with the works of F.I. Buslaeva. He identified the PC with the members of the sentence. Thus.., Buslaev distinguished subject (The one who comes to meet me is well known to me), predicate (As the priest is, such is the arrival), attributive, additional and adverbial PCs.
F.F. Fortunatov divided depending on the means of communication into conjunctions and pronominals.
N.S. Pospelov and his followers (Beloshapkova, Maksimov) choose the structural-semantic principle as the basis for classification. Communication means are taken into account in both the IF and the MS. Pospelov also finds a place for BSP in the SPP system. It is Pospelov’s classification that underlies the modern classification.
The specificity of the joint venture is that relations of inequality are found between the parts of the joint venture. One part turns out to be a grammatical dominant, the other - a subordinate part, dependent only grammatically, but not semantically.
NGNs vary the nature of the syntactic connection between the subordinate and main parts: With conventional, correlative (correlative) and pre-phrase connections.
By structure SPPs are divided into dismembered (two-term sentences, i.e. sentences with a phrasal connection) and undivided (single-term sentences, these are sentences with a phrasal and correlative connection).
Semantic-structural the classification can be presented as follows: complex sentences with a subordinate clause
Definitive,
explanatory,
Circumstantial (time, place, cause, mode of action, degree, measure, conditional, concessional, consequence, purpose);
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses;
Complex sentences with comparative clauses;
Complex sentences with comparative relations between parts;
Complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts.
1. SPP with a conventional connection
These are sentences in which subordinate clauses exhibit a conditional dependence, i.e. distribute the word as a lexical-morphological unit, such complex sentences essentially seem to be on the border between simple and complex sentences, and the relations between the parts in them resemble the relations of word forms within a phrase.
In constructions with conventional communication, a contact frame can be distinguished, i.e. the junction of the main and subordinate parts.
This is [the house that] Jack built.
Sentences with a verbal connection are treated as the most ancient and therefore the richest in terms of meaning. Wed-in connection with the type of sentences.
NGNs with a conditional connection include:
1.1. SPP with approx. EXPLANATORY
Communication media: unions what to (in combination with a past tense verb - conditional tense), How and everything is a union. words(local-verb. why, why, how, when etc., rel. places who, whose, which, what etc.), union. particle whether (can be located distant from the contact word) .
The contact word in the main part is verbs (with the meaning of speech, thought and intellectual action, feelings and influence, expression of will, modal verbs etc.), requiring mandatory completion, short adjectives and words of the state category.
Come often explained conveys indirect speech, therefore allied words are actively used.
Prid. part (IF) is usually located in post position, but can be in interposition ( Check that your details are typed correctly and sign) and before ch. part (MS) ( Students didn't know when exams would start).
1.2. SPP with approx. DEFINITIONAL
Communication media: unions what to And all union. words.
The contact word is a noun.
Def. NGNs are divided into
Definition-excretory
The individuality of an object that is included in a series of homogeneous objects is emphasized ( This was the minibus I was waiting for.)
Definitive-descriptive
This was a man whose look confused me.
In most cases, conjunctions and allied words are found contact. Exception makes up a conjunction word which , it can be located remotely
If refers to the ger. back: This is a task, having solved which you can move on
If refers to the infinitive: These are tasks that you and I are obliged to solve.
The IF is in postposition or interposition, but never in preposition (in codified speech).
1.3. COMPARATIVE-OBJECT type adj. (COMPARATIVE)
Communication media: unions than, rather than .
Contact word:
Comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: His gaze was warmer than yesterday; We heated the room warmer than yesterday
Words of pronominal origin other, other, differently, differently: Now I think differently than three years ago
Any part with the conjunctions than and rather than is a subordinate clause, not a comparative phrase.
Complex sentence is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected using subordinating conjunctions or allied words. Such a sentence consists of two parts: main and subordinate ( subordinate clause). The subordinate clause can come before the main clause, after it, or inside it. Parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.
Subordinating conjunctions are NOT members of a sentence. Conjunctive words are members of the subordinate part of a complex sentence.
How to distinguish a conjunction from an allied word?
1. The conjunction can be omitted or replaced with a synonym. A conjunction word can only be replaced by an independent word.
2. You can ask a question about a conjunctive word and you can determine which member of the sentence it is.
3. Logical stress falls on the allied word.
Words what, how, when can be both conjunctions and allied words.
Types of complex sentences
Definitive | Explanatory | Circumstantial |
explain the noun or pronoun of the main part | explain the word (most often the predicate) of the main part | indicate the place, time, purpose, reason, etc. of what is reported in the main part |
answer definition questions | answer case questions | answer questions about circumstances |
always comes after the word being defined | most often comes after the main part | |
I realized - this is the same house,where I would like to live my whole life. | The sister decided to find outis this medicine suitable for treating colds? . | When I went to bed , there was a knock on the door. |
Types of subordinate clauses
Questions | Unions (NOT members of the proposal) | Conjunctive words | Demonstrative words (are members of the proposal) |
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Definitive | which, which, which, whose, who, what, where | that, such, such, all, every, every, any |
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Explanatory | questions of indirect cases | what, so, as, as if, as if, as if | who, what, whose, how, why, why, why, where, when, where, how much | ||
Circumstances | places | where, where, where | there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere |
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time | How long? since when? until when? for how long? | when, while, as soon as, just, barely, while, while, before, before, after | then, until then |
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comparisons | how much? | as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, likewise, in what way | so, so much |
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mode of action and degree | How? how? to what extent? To what extent? | what, so that, as if, as if, exactly | how, how much | so, so, so, so |
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goals | For what? for what purpose? For what? | so that, in order to, in order to, in order to | in order, then, with that |
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conditions | under what condition? | if, when, if, if, if (if) | in that case, then |
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reasons | for what reason? | because, because, since, for, then that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that | because, therefore, in view of that, as a result of that |
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consequences | what follows from this? | ||||
concessions | no matter what? in spite of what? | although, despite the fact that, even though, even though | |||
In the Russian language, one can distinguish a special group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which are neither attributive, nor explanatory, nor adverbial. These are sentences with subordinate clauses. They contain an additional, additional message to the content of the main part. You can't ask them a question.
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