What percentage of people are disabled in the world. Disability statistics in Russia. Everyone wants to be just people, not heroes

About 15% of the world's population has some form of disability. Of these, 2-4% of people experience significant difficulties in functioning. The prevalence of disability worldwide is higher than previous WHO estimates made in the 1970s, at approximately 10%. Global disability estimates are rising due to aging populations and the rapid spread of chronic diseases, as well as improvements in methodologies used to measure disability rates.

The first-ever WHO/World Bank World Report on Disability examines the evidence on the status of people with disabilities around the world. Following chapters on understanding and measuring disability, the report contains chapters on specific health topics; rehabilitation; help and support; an enabling environment; education; and employment. Each chapter discusses the barriers faced by people with disabilities, as well as case studies on how countries are addressing these challenges by promoting good practice. The report's final chapter makes nine specific recommendations for policy and practice that can lead to real improvements in the lives of people with disabilities.

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Globally, more than one billion people (15% of the population) suffer from various forms of disability. According to a WHO study, 785 million people aged 15 years and older live with a disability, of which 110 million suffer from severe forms of the disorder. Among children aged 0 to 14 years, these figures are 95 million and 13 million, respectively.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this figure is increasing due to the aging of the population and the increasing number of people suffering from chronic diseases directly related to disability: diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, etc.

In countries where life expectancy exceeds 70 years, the disability years account for an average of about 8 years, representing 11.5% of a person's total life expectancy.

The years associated with disability account for an average of about 8 years, which is 11.5% of a person's total life expectancy

According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), groups with lower levels of education have higher rates of disability. The average for OECD countries is 19%, compared with 11% among people with higher levels of education. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 80% of people with disabilities live in developing countries.

1. International documents on the status and rights of persons with disabilities

Comparative studies of disability laws indicate that only 45 countries have anti-discrimination and other disability laws. At the same time, there are a number of international provisions and standards that are of an informational or advisory nature.

2. International classification

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) - developed by WHO and adopted by the World Health Assembly on May 22, 2001. The document describes the concept of “disability” in relation to physical health (body condition), the individual and society as a whole. The structure of the ICF is based on an assessment of the functions and condition of the human body, the level of social activity and participation in public life.

Features of the ICF approach to the concepts of “health” and “disability” are a shift in focus from the cause of the disease and its consequences to the assessment of all components of health, including the social aspects of disability and “contextual” factors (environment and personal characteristics). The main idea set out in the document is that every person can experience deterioration in health, and the limitations in opportunities that arise in connection with this are not a characteristic phenomenon only for a certain social group.

Every person can experience deterioration in health, and the resulting limitations in opportunities are not a characteristic phenomenon only for a certain social group.

According to the ICF, a disorder is the loss or abnormality of a specific physiological function or part of the body. The term “disability” is used to refer to individual differences in functioning associated with physiological, sensory, mental and perceptual impairments, as well as various types of chronic diseases. Disability is considered in relation to three main aspects: organs and related functions and dysfunctions: paralysis, blindness, etc.; activity and activity limitations: inability to stand or sit, etc.; social activity and its limitations: discrimination in hiring, difficulties when moving around the city, etc.

Types (categories) of disability include various physiological and mental impairments that make it difficult or impossible for a person to perform everyday activities, as well as complicate communication with others.

Mobility and physiological disorders

• disorders of the structure of the upper limbs;
• disorders of the structure of the lower extremities;
• violations of fine motor skills of the hands;
• impaired coordination of various organs of the body.

Mobility impairments can be congenital or acquired with age. They can also be the consequences of illness or injury. For example, people who have suffered a broken limb also fall into this category.

Disorders of the spinal cord structures

Spinal cord injuries often lead to lifelong health problems. As a rule, damage occurs as a result of serious accidents. Damage may be complete or incomplete. In case of incomplete damage, the conductive capacity of the nerve fibers of the spinal cord is partially preserved. In some cases, the damage may be the result of a birth injury.

Head injuries are disorders of the brain. Damage to the brain leads to disruptions in its functioning. The two main types of injuries are acquired and traumatic, and the degree of injury varies from mild to severe. The first type of damage is not congenital, but occurs after birth. The second type of damage is mainly caused by the influence of external influences: road traffic and domestic accidents, sports injuries, criminal incidents, recreational injuries, etc. Traumatic injuries can lead to emotional dysfunction and behavioral disorders.

Visual impairment

Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from vision problems ranging from minor to severe. Some disorders can lead to blindness over time. Most often, visual impairment is caused by damage to the cornea of ​​the eye, damage to the white membrane of the eye, diseases caused by diabetes, dry eyes, and corneal transplants.

Hearing impairment

Hearing loss can be partial or complete. Deafness can be congenital or develop with age due to illness. For example, meningitis can cause damage to the auditory nerve or cochlea.

Perceptual impairments and learning disabilities

Perceptual disorders include dyslexia, various difficulties in acquiring knowledge, and speech disorders.

Mental disorders

Affective disorders- short-term or long-term mood or well-being disorders.

Mental disorders- a term that is used to describe the condition of people suffering from psychological problems or diseases, such as: personality disorders - inappropriate patterns of behavior, in such severe forms that they do not allow a person to lead everyday life, socialize and, in general, maintain a normal lifestyle.

Schizophrenia- a mental disorder associated with the breakdown of thinking processes and emotional reactions.

Invisible violations differ in that they cannot be instantly recognized by others. As a rule, they have a neurological etiology. For example, not all people with visual impairments wear glasses, some experience chronic back pain when sitting or constant fatigue, suffer from sleep disorders, depression or agoraphobia, etc. According to statistics, 10% of US residents suffer from this type of impairment.

3. Accounting for disability

Geographically

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is a group of indicators characterizing mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries and their risk factors. These indicators were identified as a result of comprehensive regional and/or global health statistical studies of the World Health Organization.

WHO measures the global burden of disease (GBD) in years of life lost due to disability (DALYs). This time measure combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to health conditions that do not meet criteria for full health. DALYs were developed during the original 1990 GBD study to provide a consistent estimate of the burden of disease by disease, risk factor and region.

Table 1. Global population with moderate and severe disabilities by region, gender and age. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2004 estimates

High income countries- these are countries whose Gross National Income (GNI) in 2004 was $10,066 or more (according to World Bank estimates).

Low income countries- these are countries whose Gross National Income (GNI) in 2004 was less than $10,066 (according to World Bank estimates).

The classification of diseases by form is given in Table 2. We propose hereinafter to consider a severe form of disability as an analogue of disability group I according to the classification adopted in the Russian Federation, and a moderate form as disability group II.

The severity coefficient is calculated for both sexes and all age categories for the entire world population. In some cases, one person may experience pathologies of varying degrees of severity; in this case, he is assigned up to seven classes of disability. Severe disability corresponds to classes VI and VII, moderate - from III and above.

Table 2. Classification of disability groups in the Global Burden of Disease Study, showing chronic diseases and complications for each class

Due to disability

The most common causes of disability worldwide are adult-onset hearing loss and refractive hearing loss. Mental disorders such as depression, alcohol use disorders, and mental disorders (such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) are also among the 20 leading causes of disability. The picture between high- and low-income countries differs. In low-income countries, many more people are disabled due to preventable causes, such as unintentional injuries and infertility resulting from unsafe abortion and maternal sepsis. Also, in low-income countries, disability due to unintentional injuries among young people and cataracts among older people are much more common.

Table 3. Prevalence of moderate and severe disability (millions) for key disabling diseases by age for high-, middle-, and low-income countries, Global Burden of Disease, 2004 estimates.

By age

Global aging has a significant impact on the development of disability. Higher rates of disability among older adults reflect the fulfillment of accumulated health risks through injuries and chronic diseases.

Table 4. Age-specific prevalence of disability by level of gross national product

Table 5. Age prevalence of disability by gender

The prevalence of disability is higher among people 45 years of age and older in low-income countries than in high-income countries, and higher among women than among men.

Table 7. Distribution of the number of people with disabilities by age using the example of Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, Sri Lanka, USA (%)

4. Financial situation and payment structure

In Europe, social spending aimed at helping older people is designed to mitigate the risks that arise with old age - lower income levels, insufficient income, loss of independence in carrying out daily activities, decreased participation in social life, etc. At the same time, spending for medical care for the elderly should be classified as another expense item - in connection with illness and the need for treatment. However, it is not always easy to strictly distinguish between them. In most EU countries, social spending in three areas - old age, death of a family member and disability - is highly interdependent. In order to ensure better comparability, the costs of assistance in connection with old age and in the event of the death of a family member are often combined, considering them together.

In 2007, social payments and benefits amounted to 25.2% of GDP in the EU-27

In 2007, social payments and benefits (excluding administrative costs and other expenses) amounted to 25.2% of GDP in the EU-27. The largest number of payments and benefits were allocated to assistance in connection with old age and the death of a family member - 46.2% of all social benefits and payments, or 11.7% of GDP, as well as in case of illness and the need for treatment - 29.1 % of total social payments and benefits in the EU-27, or 7.4% of GDP. 6.1% of GDP was spent on all payments in other areas of social protection.

Figure 1. Social benefits and payments provided in the EU-27 in 2007, by purpose,%

Table 6. Amount and terms of disability payments per person per month,,

Disability of society is the scourge of our time!

As of 01/01/2018 The number of disabled people in Russia is 11,750,000.0 per population of 146,800,000.0 people. Just think about these numbers, this is about 8% of the population.

1,083,000.0 are citizens who received their disability from childhood, their number is 9.21% of the total number of disabled people in Russia. The statistics for children are also sad, as of 01/01/2018. disabled children under 18 years of age in the Russian Federation - 655,000.0, which is 5.6% of the total number of disabled people.

If you look at the statistics, the percentage of disabled children is growing, despite the demographic decline. The population is practically unchanged, only due to migration growth. Natural increase has been in a huge minus since 1992.

Number of disabled children registered in the Russian Federation Pension Fund system

Results of initial examinations of children under the age of 18 and recognized as disabled in the category “disabled child”

Results of re-examination of disabled children under the age of 18 and recognized as disabled again in the category “disabled child”

If we take into account children recognized as disabled for the first time due to diseases of the nervous system, as well as children with mental disorders and behavioral disorders, the picture does not look rosy at all.

Also pay attention to the statistics by region. There are regions where there are many times more disabled children than the average throughout Russia.

All data was obtained from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service. And taking into account the fact that there has been no natural population growth in Russia since 1993, the statistics are not entirely accurate, because in the population, migration growth is taken into account, which is very high - 250/300 thousand annually. According to statistics, an average of 700 thousand people since 1992. declined every year.

From 2007 to 2017, government support programs managed to reduce population decline to 118 thousand on average per year. But even here there are some excesses. Since Russia began to fight infant mortality and care for non-viable children born at short terms, the number of disabled children has increased. Almost every premature baby is at risk for cerebral palsy.

Let's hope that our State has its finger on the pulse and will continue to take steps aimed at the health of the nation and at increasing natural growth. And it would be wonderful to give parents of sick children the opportunity to go to work and benefit the State, to give birth to healthy children. Through the creation of kindergartens with medical services for disabled children, where they accept not only walking children, but also those who do not care for themselves. Thus, it would be possible to save many families from disintegration, give the mothers of such children the opportunity to realize themselves in the professional sphere, and subsequently give birth to a healthy child, thanks to government support measures.

Since 1998, there has been a steady trend in Russia towards a reduction in the number of disabled people, which is largely due to changes in legislation on the procedure for recognizing a person as disabled. Since 2010, negative dynamics of disability have been observed only in the first two disability groups, while the number of disabled people of group III and disabled children has been increasing.

Figure 1. Total number of disabled people in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016, thousand people

Figure 2. Total number of disabled people by disability group as of January 1 of the year, thousand people

Below is the general distribution by gender and age. As of January 1, 2015, 65% of all Russian disabled people registered with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation belong to the category of citizens over working age. 30% are people of working age, among whom the largest group is citizens aged from 31 to 59 years for men and from 31 to 54 years for women.

Figure 3. Distribution of disabled people by gender and age as of January 1, 2015, thousand people

More detailed information about the number of people with disabilities in each age group can be found in the figure below. At the time of writing the report, the latest statistics on this indicator date back to 2014. Data are given as percentages; the study is based on a sample, the size of which is not specified. The largest proportion of disabled people (a third of all those surveyed) represent the older age group - 60–72 years. It also has the highest percentage of economically inactive disabled people. Among economically active citizens with disabilities, the peak of disability occurs at 50–54 years of age.

Figure 4. Structure of persons with disabilities by age group in 2014 (according to a sample survey of the population on employment issues), %

1. Data on persons recognized as disabled for the first time

According to the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, as of 2015, 695 thousand people were recognized as disabled for the first time, of which 125 thousand were disabled people of group I, 262 thousand - group II, 308 thousand - group III.

325 thousand citizens recognized as disabled for the first time are of working age (up to 60 years for men, up to 55 years for women), which is 47% of the total number of persons certified as disabled for the first time in 2015.

Figure 5. Number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time in 2015, people.

Among the most common causes of disability, according to data for 2015, are diseases of the circulatory system (221 thousand people) and diseases accompanied by malignant neoplasms (213 thousand people)

Visual disability was recorded in 22 thousand people who received the status of disabled person in 2015. Since 2008, the proportion of people with diseases of the visual organs has changed quite slightly, therefore, it can be assumed that in Russia there are currently approximately 400 thousand people registered who have received the status of a disabled person for this reason. However, a caveat is necessary: ​​the calculations made do not take into account other cases of illness or injury accompanied by partial or complete loss of vision. Consequently, the actual number of visually impaired people is much higher. This conclusion also applies to other priority categories for us: people with hearing impairments, hearing and vision impairments, mental functions, musculoskeletal disorders, etc.

According to the results of the Russian census of deaf-blind people, conducted with the support of the Connection Foundation, for every 7,500 disabled people with visual impairments, there is one deaf-blind person.

Direct impairment of the functioning of the hearing organs was recorded in 12 thousand disabled people registered in 2015, which is approximately 2% of the total number of disabled people. However, according to statements by the All-Russian Society of the Deaf (VOG), approximately eight to nine million people throughout Russia have various hearing impairments. Among them are approximately 1.5 million people with severe hearing loss and 250–300 thousand who are completely deaf. According to our calculations, there are about 255 thousand people who have received disability status due to diseases of the ear and mastoid process.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2020 the number of people suffering from hearing loss will increase by 30%.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2020 the number of people suffering from hearing loss will increase by 30%. According to selected statistics and WHO data, in Russia there are currently about a million children and adolescents with hearing loss. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children suffering from various forms of hearing impairment in our country.

In addition, about a million Russian disabled people have a certified disability due to diseases of the nervous system and mental and behavioral disorders.

Figure 6. Distribution of the number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time, by reasons of disability (data from the Ministry of Labor of Russia, calculations by Rosstat)

2. Financial situation, structure of cash payments

For disabled people, monthly cash payments (MCB) are provided. For different categories of citizens, the size of the EDV is different.

Also, a disabled person is entitled to social payments, part of which is provided by the Pension Fund of Russia, and the other part by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Information about regional payments can be obtained from the authorized executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation at the place of residence.

Citizens who are duly recognized as disabled have the right to one of the types of disability pension:

• disability insurance pension;
• state disability pension;
• social disability pension.

If a disabled person is cared for by a non-working able-bodied citizen, he has the right to apply for a monthly or compensation payment. The type and amount of payment depends on the category of the disabled person being cared for, as well as on the status of the caring citizen.

The total number of disabled people registered in the Russian Pension Fund system in 2016 is 12.4 million people.

The statistics also include persons registered and receiving a disability pension in the system of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Russian FSB. Since January 1, 2008, the statistics include persons registered and receiving a pension with the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Ministry of Justice of Russia. The data provided by the Federal Statistical Service on the average amount of assigned disability pensions indicates the figure of 11,972.9 rubles.

The average size of disability pensions is 11,972.9 rubles.

This indicator is an average, and it includes various types of pensions, the sizes of which vary significantly: for example, a state disability pension in some cases can range from 14,900 to 24,800 rubles, while the amount of a social pension ranges from 4,215 to 9,919 rubles, depending from the disability group.

The amount of EDV (monthly cash payments) remains fixed and does not depend on the regional coefficient established by the Government of the Russian Federation depending on the region (locality) of residence. However, certain categories of disabled people (for example, disabled war veterans or disabled people who are dependent on two or more people) may receive an increased monthly cash payment due to increased pensions and benefits.

Figure 8. Average monthly cash payments per person from the federal budget of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2016, rubles.

The total number of disabled people receiving EDV is 12,163,029 people - this is approximately 97% of the number of all disabled people registered in the RF Pension Fund system.

Figure 9. Number of disabled people by disability group receiving monthly cash payments (MCB) and the amount of payments

Survey data on the subjective assessment of their financial situation by households that include people with disabilities indicate that about half of them experience difficulties: 44% - when buying clothes and paying for housing and communal services, and another 43% cannot afford to purchase durable goods .

The figure below shows general indicators for assessing the financial situation of the population as a whole. Households containing disabled people were noticeably more likely to indicate difficulties with purchasing clothing and paying for housing and communal services. Regarding the purchase of durable goods, the proportions of answers among the population and among people with disabilities are similar.

From the data presented it follows that families with disabled children generally assess their financial situation better than households consisting of disabled people of older age groups (over 18 years old).

Figure 10. Assessment of their financial situation by households that include disabled people (according to the Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population in 2014), %

Figure 11 shows the income structure of households consisting of disabled people. The largest share of household income is assigned to social payments (88%), of which 66% comes from pensions and 22% from benefits and compensation of various kinds.

Figure 11. Structure of cash income of households consisting of disabled people (according to sample observations of population income and participation in social programs for 2014), %

3. Social life, Internet

According to a survey of citizens with an established disability group and/or receiving a disability pension, in 87% of cases respondents subjectively assessed their own inability to lead an “active lifestyle on an equal basis with everyone else” (the wording is not specified). This situation is probably explained by the fact that, as we have seen, more than eight million Russian disabled people are elderly; on the other hand, the social environment and lack of necessary infrastructure may serve as an obstacle.

Figure 12. The ability to lead an active lifestyle for disabled people aged 15 years or more in 2014 (according to the Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population), %

According to the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Population, only about 3% of all registered disabled people are active members of voluntary non-profit organizations.

Figure 13. Number of disabled people aged 15 years and over who are members of voluntary non-profit organizations in 2014 (according to the Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population), %

15% of respondents stated that they could access the Internet; in the vast majority of cases, respondents do not have access to the Internet. Of course, those surveyed between the ages of 15 and 29 stand out against this background - 54% have the opportunity to use the Internet. However, the statistics presented do not allow us to speak with confidence about the prevalence of Internet use among disabled people.

Figure 14. Availability of access to the Internet for disabled people aged 15 years or more in 2011 (according to the Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population), %

4. State registration of disabled people

State statistics on disability issues, including a complete list of citizens with certified disabilities, are maintained by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (some information on disability may also be contained in the documents of law enforcement agencies in the case if we are talking about injuries received as a result of combat operations and performance of official duties).

The overwhelming majority of citizens recognized as disabled are registered with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, which determines the procedure for social benefits for disability. Payment of pensions and other social benefits is possible only if the person is examined and the disability status is recognized.

Disability examination is carried out by decision of the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise (BMSE): as of 2015, 1,728 departments were registered in the Russian Federation. Reception and examination (including repeated examination) of citizens is carried out at the regional branches of the BMSE.

All subsequent documentation is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise. A comprehensive list of examination results can be contained in the automated database of the scientific and methodological center of the Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise.

Isolation of the corresponding segment from the total mass of bank clients can be carried out, among other things, by calculating and recording the average amount of cash payments for disability. For example, the size of the social disability pension is established by the state and is subject to change only on the basis of relevant acts or indexation (recall that in 2016 for group III - 4215.90 rubles, for group II - 4959.85 rubles, for group I - 9919.73 rubles, for disabled children - 11903.51 rubles).

When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the same person can receive more than one type of social benefits, as well as the fact that the amounts of other pensions are not fixed and are calculated individually.

When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the same person can receive more than one type of social benefits, as well as the fact that the amounts of other pensions are not fixed and are calculated individually. For example, an insurance (labor) pension is calculated by summing the base amount (depending on the degree of incapacity for work) with the volume of personal accumulated pension funds, divided by the duration of probable survival (standards set at 228 months). The calculation is influenced by regional coefficients, the presence of dependents (child care), living in the Far North and length of service (20 years of experience gives the right to receive a pension at a higher rate). The state pension is calculated from the size of the social pension (that is, ultimately also fixed), multiplied by a value from 100% to 300%, but the circle of its recipients is noticeably narrower. The coefficient is influenced by the disability group and the basis for receiving a state pension.

Segmentation by EDV enrollment is possible, but taking into account the category of disability, the presence of a social package and other circumstances (for example, for a group I disabled person, the payment amount from February 1, 2016 is 3,357 rubles 23 kopecks (with a social package).

Our country has adopted a classification that includes three disability groups.

Group I is assigned to persons with complete permanent or long-term disability who require constant outside care, supervision or assistance.

Disability group II is established for those who have significant functional impairments and almost complete disability, but who do not need outside care and assistance, that is, who are able to care for themselves independently.

The establishment of disability group III provides for the possibility of extending work activity.

The total number of disabled people includes persons registered and receiving a pension in the system of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Ministry of Justice of Russia. Rosstat calculation.

According to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, from the Federal Register of persons entitled to receive state social assistance.