Female surnames ending in – ova and – ina are always declined according to the rules of possessive adjectives in the declension form feminine(for comparison, how do women's surnames decline, such as Rostova - father's, Karenina - mother's). But there are difficulties in declination of such unusual female surnames, consonant with common nouns and geographical names, like Love, Sadness, Moscow.
To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Lapshina, Ilyina, Ershova, Fedorova, Zavyalov, Sviridov, Grigoriev, Graudin. Women's surnames ending in - ina - ova are always declined. Surnames of this type such as Malina, Zhemchuzhina are declined dually, depending on the declension of the male surname (Lyudmila Zhemchuzhina and Lyudmila Zhemchuzhina, Zoya Malina and Zoya Malinina).
Female surnames with the formal suffix indicator - sk - are declined both in the masculine and feminine gender and also in the plural according to the rules of adjectives: Kostolevskaya, Kostolevskaya..., Kostolevskaya - ie, Kostolevsk - theirs, etc.
Female surnames that have consonant stems and have a zero ending in the form of the nominative case are not declined: Natalia Semyonovna Bertsen, Lyubov Vasilievna Blok, with Alla Bakh, with Nadezhda Sergeevna Zavela-Grubel, about Mary Helingway, about Rimma Vaidai. Such female surnames are understood as “non-Russian”.
To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names. Declension of these female surnames requires knowledge of the gender of the surname bearer. The absence of such information puts the persuader in a difficult position. The initial form of such a surname informs about the gender of the owner of the surname. Let’s say the author of the text did not have the necessary information, did not use the reference book, was unsure of the correct application of the grammatical rule, or was simply not attentive, then the receiving text will receive false information. For clarity, we can give one example. In one weekly magazine, in radio programs, a program was announced: “E. Mathis sings. The program will feature works famous composers" A question immediately arises. Who is K. Schumann? It is certain that the initial of the name is incorrect: K. Instead of R. But, as it turned out, the program featured romances by Clara Schumann (the wife of Robert Schumann, who was not only a famous pianist, but also a not very popular composer). Thus, a common grammatical error misleads the reader.
Women's surnames ending with the sound - o, - e, - e, - c, - u, - yu (stressed or unstressed), as well as with the sound - a, with a vowel in front of it, do not decline: Sappho’s poem, literature review N.N. Durnovo, street named after. Gastello. Do not decline or decline conventionally in colloquial speech
Women's surnames ending with a consonant and a soft sign (for Laura Duke, family of Maria Titskevich, appoint Lyudmila Soval).
The inclination or indeclinability of female surnames ending in -ya depends not only on the place of emphasis, but also on the origin of the surname itself. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Foreign-language female surnames ending with a vowel sound, excluding unstressed ones - a, - I Dugot, Riese, Rossini, Rowe, Zeru, Lete, Druno, Buma, Zola, do not decline. Also, female surnames ending in - a, - I with a vowel in front of it - and (sonnets of Zeredia, poems of Darsia, stories of Bulia) are not inclined.
Surnames of French origin with an accent - I at the end, also do not decline: Golya, Broyat. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
All other female surnames ending with the sound - I are inflected; such as Zolovnya, Gogulya, Syrokoplya, Goya, Shengelaya, Danelia, Beria.
Georgian female surnames can be indeclinable or indeclinable, it depends on the form in which this surname is borrowed into the Russian language: female surnames ending in - iya are indeclinable (Ganelia), those ending in - ia are indeclinable (Zulia). To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Russian female surnames that have the image of frozen forms of the genitive case in the singular with the endings: - ovo, - ago, - yago (Burnovo, Buhovo, Zhivago, Rambinago, Debryago, Bitrovo) and in the plural with the endings: - them, - х ( Handed, Kostrovskiy, Dolskiy, Dolgikh, Sedykh), where some of them tend to be spoken.
Women's surnames ending in - o are also undecidable; for example, the surnames Dugot, Cleranceau, La Rochefoucauld, Diyo, Picasso, Varlo, Tamisso, Caruso, Leoncavallo, Pongfellow, Vemeslo, Zolivo, Burnovo, Khitrovo, Durago, Mertvago.
Surnames of Ukrainian origin that have an accented and unstressed ending - ko (Zolovko, Byashko, Iranko, Bianko, Shevchenko’s novel, Makarenko’s teachings, Korolenko’s book) are not inclined, where some of them are inclined in common parlance.
It is acceptable to decline female surnames of Ukrainian origin into - ko, - enko, for example: Ustimenko’s operation was a success, you left Aglaya Ustimenka, will you go to Semashka? In Ukrainian women's surnames, surnames ending in - are not inflected: the Franko Theater, Bozhko's legacy.
Women's surnames and personal names ending in a consonant are not declined: in the role of Lady Macbeth, letters from Lyubov Blok, met Anna Patz, turned to Wanda Adamovich.
Women's borrowed surnames ending in -ov, -in are not declined: a letter from Lady Darwin, with permission from Lady Chaplin, performed by Deneuve. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
The corresponding female surnames are declined according to the model of feminine adjectives: Bely - Bely - Bely, Belaya - Belaya.
Female surnames that appear in the form of adjectives ending in - aya are declined according to the rules of adjectives:
I. p.: Tatyana Tolstaya, Natalya Lyubimaya, Svetlana Veselaya
R. p.: Tatiana Tolstoy, Natalia Lyubimaya, Svetlana Veselaya
D. p.: Tatyana Tolstoy, Natalya Lyubimaya, Svetlana Veselaya
V. p.: Tatyana Tolstaya, Natalya Lyubimaya, Svetlana Veselaya
T.p.: with Tatyana Tolstaya, with Natalya Lyubimova, with Svetlana Veselaya
P. p.: about Tatyana Tolstoy, about Natalya Lyubimova, about Svetlana Veselaya
Non-standard female surnames ending with the sound -a (-я), such as Zoya, Zima, are recommended to be declined according to the rules plural for all cases of the form coinciding with the original form of the given surname. For example: Irina Ivanovna Zima, Svetlana Sergeevna Zoya, etc. And for the plural - the primary form Zoya, Zima, in all cases.
The most complex declension in such surnames are female surnames ending with the sound - a. In contrast to the listed cases, it is very important to understand whether the ending - a follows a vowel or after a consonant, as well as whether the stress falls on this vowel and (in certain specific cases) what origin the surname has. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
All female surnames ending in the sound -a, preceded by vowels (most often y or i), are indeclinable: Valois, Gorois, Belacroix, Doravia, Ieria, Heredia, Boulia.
All female surnames that end in an unstressed sound - and those after consonants, are declined according to the rules of the first declension: Dibera - Dibera, Dibere, Diberu, Diberoi, Seneca - Seneca, etc.; Pafka, Stinoza, Smetana, Setrarka, Burosava, Zlinka, Deineka, Gulyga, Ovesha, Sognibeda, Okurzhava, etc. are inclined in the same way. All such female surnames, regardless of their origin, are morphologically divisible in the Russian language, i.e. The ending to the sound - a is clearly highlighted in them.
Among female surnames with an accented - and standing after the consonants, there are both morphologically divisible, that is, inflected, and indivisible, that is, not inflected.
Female surnames of French origin are not declined: Luma, Goma, Rega, Luca, Gamarra, Petipa, etc.
Female surnames are of Slavic origin, and from eastern languages they are declined according to the rules of the first declension, that is, the stressed ending disappears in them - a: Ritta - Ritty, Ritte, Rittu, Rittoy; these include: Skovoroda, also Kocherga, also Kvasha, also Tsabasa, also Kharza, etc. To decline such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of names and surnames.
Undeclinable surnames include female surnames that end with vowel sounds - o, - e, - u, - yu, - ы, - i, - e, - e and endings with combinations of two vowels, except - ee, - iya (Gorero, Albu, Horse, Kandschau, Francois, Doibukhaa, Kachaa, Zia, Khozhulaa). The declension of female surnames ending in - a, - ya, - ey, - iya has limitations depending on the stress in the word and some traditions.
Female surnames of Slavic origin ending in - o such as Zevko, Larko, Davlo, Setro are declined according to the rules for declension of masculine nouns - neuter, for example: in front of Zevka, in Lark
Slavic surnames, ending with stressed sounds - a, - ya (director Mayboroda, psychologist Skovoroda, screenwriter Golovnya) are also inclined.
Surnames that must be declined by gender and case:
As a rule, female surnames ending in unstressed sounds - a, - i (mainly Slavic, Romance and some others) are inclined (article by V. M. Ptitsa, songs performed by Rosita Quintana, conversation with A. Vaida). Changes in the declension of female surnames are observed in the use of surnames of Georgian and Japanese origin; there are cases of both inclination and indeclinability. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
Polish female surnames ending in - a are modeled after Russian surnames ending in - aya (Wandrowska-Gurska - tours of Wandrowska-Gurska, Belni-Strefanska - concerts of Belni-Strefanska). At the same time, it is possible to change such female surnames according to the model of Russian female surnames in the nominative case (Ogulskaya-Banetskaya, Mogdzelevskaya). The same is proposed for Czech female surnames ending in - a (Rabitska - Rabitskaya, Rabitskaya).
Features of the declension of female surnames ending in - a:
If there is a consonant before the sound - a, then according to the rules of cases the endings will be: - a, - ы, - e, - y, - oh, - e.
If before the sound - a there is one of the letters (g, k, x) or a soft sibilant (ch, sch) or the sound zh, then the ending of the surname according to the rules of the genitive case will be - and.
If the sound - a is preceded by a hissing (ch, sch, ts, sh) or zh, then the ending of the surname, according to the rules of the instrumental case, when the emphasis is placed on the end of the word, will be - oh, and, accordingly, - ey when the emphasis is placed on the beginning or middle of the word.
Declension of female surnames by case
Standard Russian surnames
I. Smirnova, Kromskaya, Kostrikova, Eliseeva, Ivanova,
R. Smirnova, Kromskaya, Kostrikova, Eliseeva, Ivanova,
D. Smirnova, Kromskaya, Kostrikova, Eliseeva, Ivanova,
V. Smirnov, Kromskaya, Kostrikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
T. Smirnova, Kromskaya, Kostrikova, Eliseeva, Ivanova,
P. about Smirnova, about Kromskaya, about Kostrikova, about Eliseeva, about Ivanova.
Plural
I. Smirnovs, Kromskys, Kostrikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
R. Smirnovs, Kromskys, Kostrikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
D. Smirnov, Kromsky, Kostrikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
V. Smirnovs, Kromskys, Kostrikovs, Eliseevs, Ivanovs,
T. Smirnov, Kromsky, Kostrikov, Eliseev, Ivanov,
P. about the Smirnovs, about the Kromskys, about the Kostrikovs, about the Eliseevs, about the Ivanovs.
When considering female surnames ending in -a, three points are of primary importance:
First: whether the ending is - a after a vowel or after a consonant,
Second: whether the stress falls on this vowel or consonant,
Third: what origin does the surname have?
When declining female surnames, there are difficulties in distinguishing between “Russian” and “non-Russian” surnames ending in - ova and - ina; From the point of view of morphology, the “Russianness” or “non-Russianness” of surnames is determined by whether the formal indicator of endings in (- ova - or - ina -) stands out or does not stand out in the surname when declining. If such an indicator is determined, then the declination in instrumental case has the ending - й, and therefore, the correlative female surname is declined (by Fenvizin, Fenvizina), but if the indicator is not determined, the instrumental case of the surname is formed with the ending - om, thus, the female surname is not declined (by Virkhov, with Anna Virkhov). Comparative “homonyms”: Charles Spencer Chaplin, with Hannah Chaplin and Nikolai Ivanovich Chaplin, with Elena Chaplin. To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
There are correspondingly non-Russian (mostly German) surnames ending in - them: Armgerich, Dietrich, Freundlich, Eirlich, etc. Regardless of the inherent similarity in “foreign language”, they cannot be mistaken for Russian surnames ending in - them because in Russian surnames before ending in - them, there are practically no soft consonants that have hard pairs, because in the Russian language there are few adjectives with such stems (i.e. adjectives such as gray; and does the surname Serykh and others like it exist?). To declension of such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the directory of declension of first and last names.
But if before the ending - their surname there is a hissing or velar consonant, its belonging to the indeclinable type will be undoubted only if the surname does not carry a derivative of the adjective. (for example, Stray, Sweet); in the absence of this condition, such surnames can be perceived morphologically ambiguous; These include, for example, Baskhachikh, Rovchikh, Gritskikh. Despite the rarity of such cases, this fundamental possibility should be taken into account. And when using the declension of such surnames, it is advisable to use a reference book.
The declension features are Russian surnames ending in - ы (- their), suggesting their origin from the genitive (and prepositional) case form of the plural of adjectives: Gray, Black, Kruchenykh, Pudrevatykh, Dolgikh, Ryzhikh. Declension of female surnames of this type according to strict standards literary language not allowed: lectures by Chernykh, novel by Serykh, creativity of Kruchenykh, etc.
In very rare cases, surnames can be perceived ambiguously, the original forms of which end in - й with the vowels and or - o standing before it. For example, such surnames as Gopchaya, Gopchey can also be understood as having the endings - on i, - oh, therefore, inflected according to the rules of adjectives having a zero ending with a declension modeled on nouns (Gopchiya, Gopchiyu..., unchangeable in the feminine gender Gopchiy form). To solve such problems, it is again necessary to use a dictionary of surnames.
Surnames ending in - s - e, - e, - i, - ы, - у, - у can only be indeclinable. Similar surnames: Goguet, Dusset, Lanxeret, Fumier, Daye, Dabrie, Goethe, Nobville, Caragiale, Tarple, Ordzhonikidze, Artmane, Maigret, Borssuet, Grestry, Lully, Debussy, Navoi, Modigliani, Gramsci, Galsworthy, Shelley, Rustaveli, Chaburkiani , Gandhi, Dzumsoity, Neyekdly, Landu, Amadou, Shaw, Maintsu, Nehru, Engescu, Camus, Cornu, etc.
In the plural, surnames of this type are declined according to the rules of nouns masculine: visited the Herzens, the Vrubels, the Gaidaevs, wrote to the Bloks, Hemingways, etc. To decline such female surnames, it is advisable to refer to the reference book for the declination of first and last names.
There are also special rules for declension of such surnames in some cases in the declinable plural form, in others - in the indeclinable form.
If the surname is accompanied by a male and female names, then it saves the configuration singular, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul and Eslanda Dobson, August and Caroline Flegel, Richard Borge's associates Max and Anna Krausen, Ariadne and Peter Thor; also Seryozha and Valya Kruzhak, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
The surname is also pronounced in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns nouns indicating different genders, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Rayner, Lord and Lady Hamilton; but when combining husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname will most often be used in the plural form: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
When using the word spouse, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Thorndike, spouses Noddack;
When using the word sisters, the surname is usually given in the singular form: Press sisters, Doch sisters;
When using the word spouse, the surname will be in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Thorndike, spouses Nodduck;
When using the word family, the surname is usually presented in singular form, for example: Oppenheim family, Gamal family.
The surname as a designation of family assumes the presence of a plural form in the surname: Somovs, Kashkins, Vvedenskys. If those getting married take one common surname, then it is written in the plural: Dmitrievs, Donskoys, Usatiye. Non-standard surnames, except for those surnames that have the form of adjectives, do not have official documentary plural forms. Therefore they write: Maria Ivanovna and Nikolai Ivanovich Vinograd, spouses Neighbor, husband and wife Suzdal.
In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov sisters, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys
Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in ordinary communication, if the bearer of a rare or difficult to declension surname allows the incorrect pronunciation of his surname, this is not considered a gross violation of the general rules of declension. But in filling legal documents, media publications and works of art, if you are unsure of the correct declension, it is recommended to refer to the directory of surnames, otherwise you can find yourself in an unpleasant situation, which entails a number of inconveniences, loss of time to prove the authenticity and affiliation of the very person about whom this document was written.
P.1. Foreign names and surnames naming male persons ending in a consonant and an unstressed vowel are declined - A.
Foreign-language female surnames are not declined.
Ashot Petrosyan – opinion of Ashot Petrosyan ( But: Galina Petrosyan); George Byron - poems by George Byron(But: Ada Byron); Anatoly Belaga – textbook Anatoly Belaga.
Foreign-language surnames ending in vowels are not declined (except for the unstressed vowel - A; Eugene Delacroix– drawings by Eugene Delacroix, Alphonse Daudet – novel by Alphonse Daudet, Giuseppe Verdi – music by Giuseppe Verdi, Jorge Amadou – the talent of Jorge Amadou, Sergo Zakariadze – the role of Sergo Zakariadze.
Notes. Declension male surnames ending in a consonant or unstressed vowel -A, is explained by the analogy of these foreign-language surnames with Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Smirnov, Sinitsyn), as well as in an unstressed vowel - A(Smirnova, Sinitsyna).
The invariability of surnames in the feminine gender is explained by the tendency to differentiate between male and female persons when calling them by their surname.
Nevertheless, there is a tendency to decline foreign-language female names and surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A: Mariette Chikobava – the role of Mariet Chikobava and the role of Mariet Chikobava. Songs of Edita Piekha.
P.2. Foreign language inflected surnames and given names in the instrumental case have the ending - ohm, -I eat. Meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Friendship between Ogarev and Herzen.
P.3. Mostly Slavic surnames bow down.
Leaning male and female surnames ending in -th(by type of declension of adjectives): Met Vasily Zadorozhny – Anna Zadorozhnaya; opinion Alexandra Pshenichny – Lyudmila Pshenichnaya.
Leaning male surnames ending with a consonant: Andrey Marchuk – knows Andrey Marchuk(But: I know Alena Marchuk).
Leaning male and female surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A. Composer Mayboroda – music by Mayboroda, figure skater Padalka – performance by Padalka. Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga - a story by Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga.
Don't bow Slavic surnames ending in
-ago, -ago (Dr. Dubyago's opinion);
-y, -them (letter from Peter Sedykh);
-ko, -o (poems by Taras Shevchenko, works of professor Nikolai Durnov).
P.4. Problems of declension/non-declension of Slavic surnames arise when Slavic (and some foreign language) surnames coincide with common nouns ( Andrey Selezen, Alla Music, Stanislav Uchenik, Andre Stahl).
Note. Linguistic experts point out the need for such surnames incline. In particular, in the Handbook of Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language, Dr. philological sciences, Professor of Moscow State University Yu.A. Belchikov points out: “ Indeclination male surnames like Sheremet, Hare, Wolfconsidered an error, violation of the norm." And further: “Surnames that coincide in spelling with common nouns, as well as with personal names and toponyms, are perceived as a deviation from the norm that has developed in the Russian language and in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers. In accordance with this norm, in order to avoid unwanted homonymy and inappropriate associations, the surname, if possible, should be somehow different from words denoting specific objects, body parts, abstract concepts, living beings, a person’s profession, position, rank, social status, etc. .p., as well as from personal names (both passport and unofficial, e.g. Pavlik, Lyubochka). The bearers of such surnames – as required by the norm – strive to separate them from homonymous common nouns and proper names by formal features.”
change the emphasis in the surname. Alexey Berlin - the city of Berlin, Irina Verba - blooming pussy willow;
when declension of surnames, leave the letter composition unchanged (in cases where letters are dropped when declension of a common noun). Pyotr Koren is a root, if there is no Peter Koren, there is no root.
Note.“When declining surnames of the named types in order to reduce the possibility of inappropriate associations and unwanted homonymy, a noun or phrase with nouns is placed before the surname as the main word denoting the position, rank, profession, social status of the bearer of this surname. Book by writer Peter Sokol. Interview with the laureate of the singing competition Boris Pavlik, visiting the composer Andrei Melnik” (Cit. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);
"In the documents, business papers, in information genres of the media (especially in news materials, newsreels), in general in official situations in order to preserve for accuracy of information the original (passport) form of the surname of a given person (in the nominative singular case) male surnames of the type in question don't bow. In such situations and contexts, it is recommended to use before the surname the designation of the official, social status of the bearer of this surname and / or his first name and patronymic. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute of Linguistics, award a certificate of honor to the head of the Laboratory of Applied Linguistics, Professor A.V. Marshal. A group of French scientists led by academician Albert Cote took part in the conference. Roberta Sherif's dissertation defense. Discussion of the story by Stefan Korzh." (Quoted by Yu.A. Belchikov);
Surnames that can cause ridicule, and therefore disrespect for the bearers of these surnames, for ethical reasons or in accordance with the family traditions of bearers of a problematic surname, may don't bow down. I don’t hear Seryozha Poganets answer. Misha Sliznyak was not in class today.
P.5. Female surnames of Slavic origin that coincide with common nouns do not decline with a consonant (including -y). T Irina Rekemchuk's phone, the role of Elena Solovey, Alla Zaigray's address.
P.6. Double first and last names. In double names and surnames, both parts are declined if they are independent proper nouns. Novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, books by Pierre-Henri Simon. If the first part of the first or last name is not perceived as an independent proper name, then it is not declined. Meeting with Bonch-Bruevich. Laugh at Gogol's mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.
Note. In Korean and Vietnamese compound names and surnames, only the last part is declined. Kim Il Sung – speech by Kim Il Sung. Also, the first part of double names like Ahmad Shah, Zakir Khan. Negotiations with Ahmad Shah Masud, come to Zahir_Khan Mamedov.
P.7. Surnames denoting several persons.
If non-Russian surnames refer to two or more persons, it is possible to use the surname in the singular and in the plural.
Plural form only with words father And son: father and son Schlegel.
Only singular form with word sisters: Fisher sisters.
In other cases, both singular and plural variants are used. Prize of the Goncourt and Goncourt brothers. Reception of the Nixon and Nixon spouses. Album with the coats of arms of Friesengoff and Friesengoff.
Note.Preference is given singular forms and the invariability of surnames denoting female persons, including in combination with male persons. Spouses Mariengof, Husband and wife Rosenberg. Father and daughter Ulrich.
P.8. When declension in the form of the instrumental case singular, foreign-language names and surnames have the ending - oh, -eat: Be friends with Karel Gott, with Bill Clinton, with George Bush.
(Compare with Russian surnames: Be friends with Ivanov, Pavlov).
Instructions
Female surnames with the suffixes -ov- and -in- are declined according to the rules for declension of adjectives. Male surnames with these suffixes have a difference from ordinary adjectives in the instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular (example: Griboyedov, about Griboyedov).
Surnames with zero endings are declined depending on gender. as a masculine gender of the second declension (for example, N.V. Gogol). Women's surnames are not declined (for example, with Anna Vrubel). Such surnames are declined as masculine nouns.
Surnames ending in -i or -yh and formed from a plural genitive adjective are not declined (for example, Kruchenykh). In colloquial speech, sometimes there is a declination of surnames of this type, which is not a literary norm.
Surnames of non-Russian origin ending in -ih are not declined (for example, about Alisa Freundlich).
Surnames ending in a are not declined if placed on the last syllable (for example, o Dumas) or if the word ends in 2 vowels (for example, Delacroix). Surnames ending in unstressed a are declined like first declension nouns (for example, in Kafka). IN in this case It will be useful to remember that French surnames don't bow down.
Surnames ending in stressed -ya are not inflected (for example, Zola), while surnames ending in unstressed -ya are declined (for example, Beria).
Declension of surnames can occur in other ways. In particularly difficult cases, it is recommended to consult the Directory of Surnames.
Sources:
- Declension of surnames and personal names
- what surnames do not decline
The word surname in translation means family (Latin familia - family). Last name is given name clan community - united primary social units connected by blood ties. How do the names of surnames arise, what is the principle of the formation of Russian surnames, in particular, surnames starting with “-ov”.
The emergence of surnames
The emergence and spread of surnames in Rus' was gradual. The first nicknames were acquired by the citizens of Veliky Novgorod and the lands under its jurisdiction. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, telling about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
Later, in the 14th – 15th centuries, princes began to acquire family names. Called by the name of the inheritance they owned, having lost it, the princes began to reserve its name for themselves and their descendants as a family name. This is how the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, they began to take hold, originating from the nicknames: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.
Boyarsky and then noble families, due to their lack of inheritance status, were formed largely from nicknames. Also widespread received the formation of a surname on behalf of the ancestor. A striking example of the family that reigned in Russia is the Romanovs.
Romanovs
The ancestors of this ancient boyar family were ancestors who wore different times nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakharyev-Yuryev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but with their grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was chosen to the royal throne.
Last name as personal identification
The establishment of passports by Peter I in 1719 for the convenience of collecting poll taxes and carrying out recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, a patronymic and/or nickname was written in, which then became the owner’s surname.
Formation of Russian surnames into –ov/-ev, -in
The most common Russian surnames are derived from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor became a possessive adjective, formed from the name using the suffixes –ov/-ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
“Whose Ivan? - Petrov."
In the same way in late XIX– early 20th century Russian officials formed and recorded the surnames of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
Tip 3: Declension of surnames in Russian: difficult cases
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn from scratch. Of course, there is almost no irregular verbs and hieroglyphs, but many synonyms with subtle shades, layers cultural context and modified borrowings - all this baffles beginners. And also the surnames are inclined...
There are usually no problems with the endings of simple surnames like Ivanov, Petrov, Smirnov. Only those who do not understand gender and cases well enough may encounter certain difficulties: a surname can be either feminine in the nominative case (citizen Solovyova) or masculine in the genitive (“We don’t have Solovyov”). However, such cases rarely concern native speakers. It is much more difficult if the surnames do not resemble an adjective (that is, they cannot be substituted as an answer to the questions “which?” and “whose?” and declined according to the appropriate rules) or belong to foreigners.
With or without rules
Most surnames, regardless of origin, can be used in the plural - the flexibility of the Russian language allows this to be done without any damage: call Kshesinsky, dream about Douglas, admire Brin. It depends on the ending: Polonism surnames ( -sky, -tsky, -skaya, -tskaya) and on -in, -ov, as well as women's -ina, -ova always bow down. For complex cases, the possibility of a double declension is provided at the request of its owner: Elena Dyuzhina can remain relatively steadfast (“letter to Elena Dyuzhina”, the surname is considered a noun), so be it Elena Dyuzhina(from adjective).Non-standard and non-format
Ancient Russian surnames-nouns in masculine, such as Dom, Plowman, Gonchar, etc. hang around only: Victor Dom, Leonid Plowman, about Alexei Gonchar, and for women they remain unchanged: Anastasia Martyr, Veronica Lesnik. Feminine surnames (Beard, Osina) most often obey the same rule, unless there is categorical rejection on the part of their owner, but this can only be due to family tradition, which does not change the general rule for those unfamiliar with it. There are no exceptions for neuter surnames (Onishchenko, Resheto, Velichko) - they are not declined in any gender or number. Surnames formed from nicknames or personal names of ancestors in the genitive case also remain the same: Zhivago, Ilinykh, Kruchenykh. General rule and female surnames ending in vowels -e, -i, -o, -u, -yu- do not incline.It's easy with Georgians
A few years ago, a refusal to declension began to appear in the press. famous names- Soviet politician Lavrenty Beria and director Georgy Danelia. Journalists justified this spelling by the fact that the surname of the first Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia is unchanged, as well as the unnecessaryness of declining other Georgian surnames ending in -shvili and -dze. Liberal-minded people also contributed to illiteracy public figures, who did not want to “distort” surnames, “offending the sovereignty of their bearers” (a similar politically correct nod to someone else’s grammar is the spelling “in Ukraine,” although the Russian literary norm is unchanged: in Ukraine). There is no other way than stupidity, such an approach to native language cannot be named. In reality, the rules did not change and Georgian surnames -shvili and -dze both did not decline and do not decline, and the first two cases depend on the spelling of the endings, -I or -A: “Gamsakhurdi I" will bow, and Daneli A- No. (A well-known exception is Okudzhava, inclined.)With the Caucasus and Asia - even easier
Men's Armenian and Russified Azerbaijani, Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan and all Asian: Hakobyan, about Zurabyan, with Kurginyan, with Abishev, with Aivazov, about Aslamov, for Kul-Mukhammed; women - do not bow. If after the surname there is a linguistic ending “-ogly” (“-uly”), male surnames also stop declining: Ali-ogly, Arman-uly.Far abroad
Foreign surnames usually undergo changes, become Russified, even to the point of using Russian endings, obeying the general rules: Dal (m.: Dalyu, about Dal; f.: uncl.), Kara-Murza (the same), Lermontov (declined in both cases and childbirth). Foreign surnames of men ending in a soft or hard consonant are declined: Kozlevich's car, Ilf's book, Bender's romance; women's ones remain unchanged.Sources:
- Rules for changing first and last names
- How to decline surnames
- To incline or not to incline?
Russia is a multinational country, so there are many names and surnames of different origins.
We have to sign notebooks, fill out documents, and we must put our last name in a certain case and not make a mistake with the ending. This is where difficulties await us. For example, how to say correctly: “reward Lyanka Elena or Lyanka Elena, Bavtruk Timur or Bavtruk Timur, Anton Sedykh or Anton Sedogo»?
Today we will try to understand some aspects of the declension of foreign and Russian-speaking surnames, male and female.
Let's start with the fact that most of the surnames are originally Russian similar in form to adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -in-, -ov- (-ev-): Hvorostovsky, Veselkin, Mikhalkov, Ivanov, Tsarev. They can have both masculine and feminine forms, and can also be used in the plural. At the same time, rarely does anyone have difficulties with declension of such surnames.
I. p. (who? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.
R. p. (who? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.
D. p. (to whom? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.
V. p. (who? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.
etc. (by whom? with what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.
P. p. (about whom? about what?) about Hvorostovsky, about Hvorostovskaya, about the Hvorostovskys.
However, you need to be careful with surnames ending with a consonant or soft sign.
For example, Jackal, Tavgen, Korob, Great-Grandfather. In this case, the declination will depend on What gender does the surname belong to? If we're talking about about a woman, they are similar 
e surnames are indeclinable, but male surnames are indeclinable, like nouns of the 2nd declension husband. r. (such as table, deer). This does not apply to surnames ending in - them(s). For example, go along with Jackal Anna And Jackal Anton, talk about Tavgen Anastasia and about Tavgena Alexandra, walk with Daria's great-grandfather and with Great-grandfather Emelyan.
Some surnames like Child, Kravets, Zhuravel may have variable declension due to the fact that they are similar to common nouns. When declension of nouns occurs dropping a vowel at the end of a word(zhur flight ow I, bathe the rebbe NK a), when declining a surname, the vowel can be preserved to prevent distortion or comical sound of the surname (write Zhuravel, dispatch from child).
Don't bow male and female surnames -s(s). talk about Diana Sedykh and about Anton Sedykh, write Velimiru Kruchenykh And Antonina Kruchenykh.
All female and male surnames ending in vowels, except -A or -I, are unyielding. For example, Artman, Amadou, Bossuet, Goethe, Galsworthy, Gramsci, Grétry, Debussy, Dzhusoit, Daudet, Camus, Cornu, Lully, Manzu, Modigliani, Navoi, Rustaveli, Ordzhonikidze, Chabukiani, Enescu and many others.
This also includes surnames ending in -O, and surnames of Ukrainian origin in -ko. For example, Hugo, La Rochefoucauld, Leoncavallo, Longfellow, Picasso, Craft, Khitrovo, Chamisso, Makarenko, Korolenko, Gorbatko, Shepitko, Savchenko, Zhivago, Derevyago, etc.
Declension of surnames ending in -A, causes the greatest difficulties. Here it is necessary to take into account several criteria: origin of the surname, accent and letter after which -A located. Let's try to simplify the picture as much as possible.
Surnames do not lean towards -A, if this letter is preceded by a vowel (most often at or And): Gulia, Moravia, Delacroix, Heredia. This also applies to last names of Georgian origin.
Surnames do not lean towards -AFrench origin with emphasis on the last syllable: Degas, Dumas, Luc, Thomas, Fermat, Petipa etc.
All other surnames are -A declined in Russian. Bring Lyanka Elena, take from Shatravki Inna, read Petrarch, along with Kurosawa, O Glinka, For Alexandra Mitta.
The situation is similar with the declination of surnames from the final -I: surnames are not declined French origin with emphasis on the last syllable (Zola). All other surnames ending in -I, bow. For example, persuade Ivan Golovnya And Elena Golovnya, write about Beria, movie Georgy Danelia.
Thus, as you may have noticed, you need to know not so many rules in order to correctly pronounce your surname in Russian. We hope that now you will not make mistakes when signing a notebook or filling out documents! But if you still have any doubts, please contact us. Our specialists will always try to help!
Good luck to you and the beautiful, literate, rich Russian language!
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1. Names (Slavic) on -O such as Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro are declined according to the model of the declension of masculine-neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levka, in Mark; M. Gorky does not decline the name Danko (“... she spoke about Danko’s burning heart”).
Names having parallel forms on -O – -A(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhaila - Mikhaila), usually declined according to the type of nouns feminine declension: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another initial form Gavril.
2. Foreign names the consonant sound is inclined regardless of whether they are used independently or together with the surname, for example: the novels of Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), the stories of Mark Twain, the plays of John Boynton Priestley, the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen, the book of Pierre-Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Bloch (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).
3. When declension of Slavic names and surnames, forms of Russian declension are used (in particular, in indirect forms, fluent vowels are preserved), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edeka, Vladeka (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karela Capek, (not “Chapka”); Vaclav Havel – Vaclav Havel (not “Gavla”).
4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and not declined if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (indeclinability of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “Mr. Goose’s” "Citizen Belt." Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, keep the last name in initial form(cf.: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel sound in the forms of oblique cases (cf.: highly appreciate the courage of Konstantin Kobets).
5. Last names are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -ikh, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Krasnykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo. Only in common parlance do we find forms like “Ivan Sedykh’s”.
6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel sound (except for unstressed ones) -a, -i, with a preceding consonant) do not decline, for example: the novels of Zola, the poems of Hugo, the operas of Bizet, the music of Puncini, the plays of Shaw, the poems of Salman Rushdie.
Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also included under this rule. -ski And -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American public politician), Pokorny's dictionary (Czech linguist). It should, however, be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. spelling Polish surnames Gliński, Leszczyńska – with a letter b before sk) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in spelling and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by the singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by the pianist Czerna-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danietska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to formalize them according to the model of the declension of Russian male and female surnames into -sky, -tsky, -y, -aya. Polish combinations are inclined in a similar way, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.
From surnames to accented ones -A Only the Slavic ones are inclined: From the writer Mayboroda, to the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.
Non-Russian surnames with unstressed names -oh, -i(mainly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, the utopianism of Campanella, the cruelty of Torquemada, the film with the participation of Giulietta Masina; but films starring Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: sonnets of Heredia, stories of Gulia; on -iya - inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.
Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; Wed: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilav, Okudzhava’s songs, Ardzinba government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, General Tanaka’s politics, works of Ryunosuke Akutagawa. IN recent years There has clearly been a tendency towards the decline of such surnames.
7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (-enko) V fiction usually inclined, although different types declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: order to the head of Evtukh Makogonenko; poem dedicated to M.V. Rodzianka IN modern printing such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their changeability is advisable to add clarity to the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed. also from Chekhov: “In the evening Belikov... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames are not accentuated: the Franko Theater, Lyashko’s stories.
8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is declined (if it ends in a consonant), for example: Choi Heng’s speech, Pham Van Dong’s statement, conversation with U Ku Ling.
9. In Russians double surnames the first part is declined if it is used in itself as a surname, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skal. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.
10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are in some cases given in the plural form, in others - in the singular form:
1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolph and Mikhail Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakh;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (cf. the inflexibility of surnames with a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by a male and female name, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating different genders, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, when combining husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) when using the word spouse, the surname is given in the singular form, for example: spouse Kent, spouse Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular form, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sisters: Koch sisters;
- 7) when using the word family, the surname is usually given in the singular form, for example: Oppenheim family, Hoffmann-Stal family.
11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovskys. This rule also applies to combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames: both Schlegels, two brothers of Mann.
12. Female patronymics are declined according to the type of declension of nouns, and not adjectives, for example: in Anna Ivanovna, to Anna Ivanovna, with Anna Ivanovna.