When you need to more accurately characterize any object or phenomenon (or their properties), describe them more specifically and expressively, intelligibly, so that the interlocutor understands your thought more fully, homogeneous members of the sentence come to your aid. Without them, your thought will lose completeness and clarity.
Homogeneous members─ these are characteristics that relate exclusively to one object; in a sentence they will be subordinated to only one word. They describe various aspects of the same person, action or quality.
I love bread, especially wheat and rye.
In this simple sentence with homogeneous members them are adjectives"rye" and "wheat". In another example:
The street became brighter with sunshine and smiles.
─ this nouns.
But homogeneous members may turn out to be any part of speech: verb, noun, adverb.
We worked, strained ourselves and worked hard at this construction site for centuries.
How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence
It is very easy to identify such members of a sentence. They are subordinated only to the word that they characterize; they can be classified as same question. Moreover, they are independent of each other.
Lena loves dancing, rhythmic music and fitness.
IN in this case, these are words related to the subject “Lena” and answer the question of what exactly she likes. They are nouns. If we remove one or another addition from the example, the meaning of the sentence will not change, but we will learn less about Lena’s tastes. At the same time, homogeneous members can be main or secondary in a sentence.
For example:
Identification of homogeneous members
In a sentence, homogeneous words can be distinguished using:
It's important to remember that commas must be placed before the second conjunction, when you write a sentence in which words are connected in this way!
How to emphasize homogeneous members?
When analyzing a sentence in a written text, homogeneous members are emphasized equally, depending on what function they perform in the sentence. Predicates are underlined as predicates (with a double solid line), definitions are underlined as definitions (with a wavy line), and so on.
It is important to remember that in the analyzed text in one phrase there may be several groups of similar words at once, and they may well turn out to be various parts speech.
The hyacinths, crocuses and azaleas in this park were fragrant and intoxicated my head with their scent.
In this simple phrase quickly two groups are defined: three subjects and two predicates. The first group should be emphasized as subjects (nouns, names of colors), the second group of words - as predicates, with two solid words.
Phraseological phrases
With phraseological units, a more difficult case awaits you in terms of punctuation. Remember that in stable phrases, commas are never used. There are not so many of them, you can just memorize them:
- Both old and young.
- Neither fish nor meat.
- And so on.
You just need to analyze the text very carefully and train your own memory on phraseological units. Not such a difficult matter!
Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).
They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. Non-union connection expressed intonation.
For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)
Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.
For example:
- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys, girls - homogeneous subjects.)
- IN big forest trees during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).
Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.
For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.
Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.
For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.
For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)
Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)
Complications with homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.
Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If this minor members sentences, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in writing punctuationally.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.
For example:
Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)
Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:
a) connecting: And
; Yes
in meaning And
; neither
..., neither
; How
..., so and
; not only
...,but also
; Same
; Also
;
b) adversative: A
; But
; Yes
in meaning But
; but
; however
;
c) dividing: or
; or
; That
..., That
;not that
..., not that
; either
...,either
.
For example:
Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals.
(Union How
…, so and
– connecting.)
And the Baltic Sea, although shallow, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)
In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)
In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:
For example:
It was useful because it is educational game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)
The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:
1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.
For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).
Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;
2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle no, that's right : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;
3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look etc.;
4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.
In them There is no comma.
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| How to correctly place punctuation marks in the following cases? The sun rose higher and it began to get hot on the beach. It was already dawn and the air was noticeably warmer. | Please note that both sentences are complex. Some of the simple sentences in their composition do not have a subject, but this does not make the predicates homogeneous. Commas before and in these sentences are required. The sun rose higher and it began to get hot on the beach. It was already dawn and the air was noticeably warmer. |
| Everyone already knew that a girl was born and that she was named Masha. The paint on the walls peeled off due to moisture and the frames swelled. | Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two homogeneous subordinate clauses (these subordinate clauses refer to the same main part and answer the same question). There is no comma between them. Everyone already knew that a girl was born and that she was named Masha. Single conjunctions and, or, or can link two clauses that have a common minor member. There is also no comma between them. The paint on the walls peeled off due to moisture and the frames swelled (a common minor term is the circumstance of the cause due to moisture). |
| Do I need to put a comma before and in the following cases? What a clear smile_ and what huge eyes this girl has! | Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two exclamatory or two interrogative sentences. There is no comma between them. Who is he and what is he doing here? What a clear smile and what huge eyes this girl has! |
Homogeneous members of the sentence
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those that:
1) play the same syntactic role in a sentence;
2) connected to the same main word through the same question;
3) are connected by a coordinating connection, which indicates their semantic equality in the sentence;
4) are often expressed by the same part of speech.
Let's explain this with a diagram:
She loved dancing, books and romantic encounters.
We have before us a number of homogeneous additions (dances, books, meetings), they all depend on the same predicate, answer the same question and are equal in meaning.
Homogeneous members of a sentence (OSP) can be connected to each other both by a non-union connection and with the help of coordinating conjunctions:
| Means of communication between private security forces | |
| Homogeneous members are connected by a non-union bond | Aibolit walks through forests and swamps. |
| Homogeneous members are connected by connecting unions and, yes(meaning i), neither - nor, not only - but also, both - so and, not so much - as etc. | Long live soap fragrant, and a towel fluffy, and tooth powder! (K. Chukovsky). Neither countries, nor I don’t want to choose a graveyard!(I. Brodsky). He is not so much poor as he is greedy. |
| Homogeneous members are connected by adversarial unions ah, but, yes(meaning But), but | The stars fall for them on the shoulders, not in the palms. Small spool Yes, dear. Flea small, but evil. |
| Homogeneous members are connected by dividing unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that | I I’ll either burst into tears, or scream, or faint. Is there somewhere city or village with that name. |
Complex sentences. Basic types of compound sentences
Compound sentences are complex conjunctive sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.
There was a knock on the door and everyone immediately fell silent.
There may be no money, but your conscience does not hurt.
Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into three types.
| Type and basic conjunctions | Basic values of this type | |
| Complex sentence with connecting conjunctions and, yes(meaning And), neither - nor, too, also. | Listing of phenomena occurring simultaneously or sequentially. | The hole was repaired, and the assistant captain was already checking the navigation instruments. The sailor was silent, the cabin boy also did not say a word. |
| Compound sentence with disjunctive conjunctions or (or), or - or, either, either - or, then - that, not that - not that. | Alternation of phenomena, the possibility of one phenomenon out of several. | Either the store was already closed, or Oska was simply too lazy to buy bread. Either the battery is not heating, or the frost has increased. |
| Complex sentence with adversative conjunctions ah, but, yes(meaning But), however, but, with particle or in the function of the union. | One phenomenon is opposed to another. | The wind has died down, but the waves are still high. Andrei came home late, but the children were not yet asleep. |
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members
In the absence of a union, a comma is placed between homogeneous members.
The wind rushed through the courtyards, knocked on the windows, buried itself in the leaves.
Answers must be complete, clear, and concise.
In some sentences, words may be repeated for emphasis. A comma is also placed between them, but they are not considered homogeneous members.
She walked and walked and finally came.
And he felt sorry, sorry for his passing life.
For homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions, the following punctuation rules exist:
| Cases when homogeneous terms are separated by a comma | Cases when homogeneous terms are not separated by a comma |
| With single conjunctions a, but, but, yes (meaning but). The spool is small, but expensive. | With single conjunctions and, or, either, yes (in the meaning And). You could hear the noise of the forest and the crackling of branches in the fire. Within groups of homogeneous members, connected in pairs by unions and, or, or, yes (in the meaning And ). He walked like this in summer and winter, autumn and spring. |
| With repeated conjunctions and - and, neither - nor, then - that, not that - not that, or - or, either - or, yes - yes. Neither I nor my friend were tired. |
|
| With all double conjunctions: both - and, not only - but also, where - there and, as much - as much, although and - but etc. He was respected by both friends and enemies. Although he was old, he was strong. |
| Pay attention! A repeating conjunction can be positioned differently relative to a number of homogeneous members. Usually a conjunction is placed before each member of a homogeneous series. In this case, a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms, including after the first of them: He knew his work, loved it, and knew how to do it. The stars either barely burned, then disappeared, or suddenly flashed brightly in the sky. Sometimes there is no conjunction before the first member of a homogeneous series. In such cases, a comma is also placed between all homogeneous terms, including after the first of them. I kept only my saber, my pipe, and my father’s gun. He would then frown with displeasure, or frown, or purse his lips. In the Russian language there are many phraseological units built on the basis of a number of homogeneous members. In such phraseological units, commas are not used. Remember the main ones: |
||
| both this and that; neither this nor that; and this way and that; | neither light nor dawn; both here and there; neither fish nor meat; | neither day nor night; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward etc. |
Punctuation marks for single conjunctions AND, OR, OR in simple and complex sentences
- Within simple sentence single conjunctions and, or, or connect homogeneous members. In this case, a comma is not placed before these conjunctions.
He simply made a mistake or did not have time to complete the calculations.
- Single conjunctions and, or, or can link parts complex sentence. In this case, they are preceded by a comma.
Everyone arrived on time, and the bus moved off.
- Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two homogeneous subordinate clauses (these subordinate clauses refer to the same main part and answer the same question). In this case, there is no comma between them.
Everyone already knew that a girl was born and that she was named Masha.
- Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two sentences that have a common part or a common subordinate clause. In this case, there is also no comma between them.
The paint on the walls peeled off due to moisture and the frames swelled.
While the kettle was boiling, Stas cut the sausage_ And we started dinner.
- Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two exclamatory or two interrogative sentences. In this case, there is also no comma between them.
Who is he and what is he doing here?
What a clear smile_ and what huge eyes this girl has!
1. Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the members of the sentence that
are related to the same word in a sentence and usually answer
same question. These are also the same members of the sentence,
united with each other by a creative connection.
Homogeneous members can be both major and minor members
offers.
Here's an example:
The old carpenter Vasily and his apprentice do the work slowly,
thoroughly.
In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous
the subjects Vasily and the student correspond to one predicate -
perform;
homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly
depend on the predicate (perform (how?) slowly, thoroughly).
2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.
Let's give an example: Vasily and the student are nouns in
nominative case.
But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:
A young lady of about thirty-two entered, glowing with health, with
laughing lips, cheeks and eyes.
In this proposal, among homogeneous definitions the first is expressed
noun phrase in the genitive case (age thirty-two),
second – participial phrase(blazing with health), third -
combination of three nouns instrumental case with the preposition with
with dependent participle (with laughing lips, cheeks and eyes).
Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can connect and
opposite members of a sentence.
Let's give an example: It is not clear who and how distributed it throughout the region
news of the birth of a white boy.
Conjunctive words in subordinate clause are different members
sentences (subject who and adverbial manner of action how, but
They are connected by a coordinating conjunction and).
3. Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions and intonation or just intonation. If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then
commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member,
There are no commas after the last homogeneous term.
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members X.
A) Non-union connection - a comma is placed between homogeneous members.
* , *, *
Here's an example:
Leaked from terrible speed strange, motley, dense life.
Single connecting unions(and, yes=and) or disjunctive conjunctions
(either, or) – a comma is not placed between homogeneous terms.
* And *; * or *.
Here's an example:
She cried and stamped her feet;
Here and there along the road you come across white birch or weeping willow.
Note.
Conjunctions and, yes and, yes can have a connecting meaning. These unions
They introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the sentence. In this
In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Here's an example:
People made fun of her, and rightfully so.
“People made fun of her, and rightly so;
Why would you order an artist, and a bad one at that, to draw?
- Why would you order an artist to draw, and a bad one at that?
Opposing alliances(but, but, but, however=but, yes=but) – a comma between
homogeneous members are placed.
*, A *; *, But *; *, however *; *, but *
Let's give an example: He looks handsome, but young;
Now the lake shimmered not entirely, but only in a few places;
Our kindergarten is small, but cozy.
D) Double and paired unions(if not..., if not..., then; not
so much..., so; although..., but also; both..., not only..., and; but also;
How many; as much... as; not that..., but; not that...,
a) – a comma is placed between homogeneous terms.
Not only *, but also *; both * and *; although *, but also *.
Here's an example:
The rainbow stretched not only over the outskirts of the city, but also far away
around;
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile
you and your friend;
For Vasily Vasilievich, although familiar, the power of Erofey was heavy
Kuzmich.
Homogeneous members can be combined with a general word. Generalizing
the word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous
members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:
A generalizing word denotes the whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of it.
whole:
Outside the city, from the mountain, a village was visible: square blocks, wooden
buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers;
A generalizing word denotes a generic (general concept), and homogeneous
members – specific (more particular concepts):
Birds screamed shrilly: roosters, geese, turkeys (Fadeev).
Generalizing words are expressed in different parts speeches, but most often
pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:
The forest is always beautiful: both on winter days and in spring (always -
pronominal adverb); Everything is here: both the building and the greenery - I perceived
especially I (everything is a pronoun).
Self-control task:
1. Find homogeneous members in these sentences.
What parts of speech are they expressed by?
Explain the spelling of the highlighted words, analyze them according to their composition
a) Visitors to the exhibition examined metal products with interest,
glass vases, national costumes, embroidery, decorations from
mother of pearl brought from distant islands.
b) People came to the meeting to exchange experiences, to understand the assumptions
mistakes, outline a plan for further work.
c) Edward walked quickly, with a measured step, without looking around.
In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.
The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence
Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:
The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.
The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.
Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.
For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.
Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions
Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, “also, too”, “not only..., but also”.
Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:
1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.
1.2. IN pine forest you may see a woodpecker or a squirrel.
2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeating unions, and thus form a stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.
Notes. It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:
I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.
Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.
Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.
In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.