The problem of patriotism:
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
K.F. Ryleev “Ivan Susanin”
K.F. Ryleev “The Death of Ermak”
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
V. Bykov “Sign of Trouble”
Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"
S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
The inhumanity and senselessness of war:
V. Bykov “One Night”
L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol Stories”
K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”
M. Sholokhov “Melon plant”
Nostalgia (longing for the Motherland, love for the Motherland):
S. Dovlatov “Letter from There” (from the series “Invisible Newspaper”)
N. Teffi “Memories”
An unbreakable connection with the Motherland, with the native land:
A. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”
Distortions of the concept of patriotism:
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
Vandalism problem:
Drunkenness problem:
M. Gorky “At the Bottom”
N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
V. Astafiev “Sad Detective”
Man and nature
The influence of nature on the human soul:
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
A.P.Chekhov “Steppe”
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish”
Yu. Yakovlev “Awakened by Nightingales”
I.S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Respect for nature:
N.A. Nekrasov “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”
V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish”
Barbarity, cruelty:
B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”
The problem of attitude towards animals:
Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
S. Yesenin “Give me a paw, Jim, for luck...”
The problem of interfering with the natural course of things (the dangers of ill-conceived experiments):
M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”
M. Bulgakov “Fatal eggs”
R. Bradbury "And Thunder Rolled"
Moral qualities of a person
The problem of friendship, comradely duty:
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”
K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”
A.S. Pushkin “October 19”
D. London “Love of Life”
D. London “In a distant land”
The uplifting power of love:
A. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”
A. Kuprin “Shulamith”
W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet"
Poems by A.S. Pushkin about love
The problem of the role of conscience in our life:
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”
The problem of being true to your beliefs:
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
A. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
The problem of self-education:
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
N. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”
The problem of a person’s responsibility to himself and society as a whole for the realization of his abilities:
I. Goncharov “Oblomov”
A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”
The problem of moral choice:
V. Kondratyev “Sashka”
V. Rasputin “Money for Maria”
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A person’s aspirations for goodness and happiness (belief in happiness, one’s own strength; love for life):
V.G. Korolenko “Paradox”
F.M. Dostoevsky “Idiot”
N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”
B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...”
Compassion, mercy:
V. Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”
A.Pristavkin “Goldfish”
K. Vorobyov “The Tale of My Contemporary”
Humanism:
A. Adamovich “Mute”
M. Sholokhov “Alien Blood”
B. Ekimov “Night of Healing”
B. Ekimov “Sale”
B. Ekimov “How to tell...”
Man and family
The problem of intergenerational relationships:
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
Roles of childhood in human life:
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
I. Goncharov “Oblomov”
V. Astafiev “Last bow”
The role of the mother in education:
A. Fadeev “Young Guard”
M. Gorky “Tales of Italy”
K. Vorobyov “Aunt Egorikh”
L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man”
Relationship between fathers and children:
A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”
N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A. Aleksin “Division of property”
The role of a teacher in a person’s life:
A.I. Kuprin “Taper”
V. Rasputin “French Lessons”
V. Bykov “Obelisk”
A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”
A. Aleksin “Third in the fifth row”
A. Saint-Exupery “The Little Prince”
B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...”
Indifferences of the adult world:
D.V. Grigorovich “Gutta-percha boy”
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”
F. M. Dostoevsky “The Boy at Christ’s Christmas Tree”
The problem of historical memory:
V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”
A.P.Chekhov “Student”
V. Rasputin “Kulikovo Field”
D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
V. Soloukhin “Black boards”
A. Akhmatova “Requiem”
A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
The problem of the role of books in human life:
B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”
A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
M. Gorky “Childhood”
M. Gorky “My Universities”
Yu. Bondarev “Rare gift”
R. Bradbury "Memoirs"
The role of music in human life:
K. Paustovsky “The Old Cook”
V. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”
A.P. Chekhov “Rothschild’s Violin”
L.N. Tolstoy “Albert”
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
The problem of a false understanding of happiness:
A.P. Chekhov “Gooseberry”
A.P. Chekhov “The Jumper”
The destructive influence of money:
A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
A.S. Pushkin “The Queen of Spades”
Loneliness:
A.P. Chekhov “Vanka”
A.P. Chekhov “Tosca”
A. Ostrovsky “Dowry”
Rudeness:
M. Zoshchenko “Case History”
A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
D. Fonvizin “Undergrowth”
Good and Evil:
M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
The problem of honor and bribery:
N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
Tales of Saltykov - Shchedrin
Satirical poems by V. Mayakovsky
M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin “The History of a City”
A.P. Chekhov “Chameleon”
A.P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
A.P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
A. Platonov “Doubting Makar”
Betrayal, irresponsible attitude towards the fate of others:
V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”
N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”
S. Lvov “My childhood friend”
Another selection of works:
Arguing your opinion on a chosen issue is one of the most important tasks when writing an argumentative essay. Since arguments from the literature are rated higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page I present a number of arguments on several popular issues.
PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.
- A.S. Pushkin, novel “The Captain's Daughter”
Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for her refusal, and during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to betrayal: he goes over to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.
- Karamzin “Poor Liza”
Erast, the heroine’s lover, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being
- N.V. Gogol, story “Taras Bulba”
Andriy, the son of Taras, being captured by love feelings, betrays his father, brother, comrades, and homeland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame
- A.S. Pushkin, tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"
The envious Salieri, jealous of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.
PROBLEM: Worship of rank, servility, servility, opportunism.
1. A.P. Chekhov, story “The Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of veneration: Having sneezed and splashed the general’s bald head, he was so frightened that after repeated humiliations and requests, he died of fear.
2. A.S. Griboyedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that you need to please everyone without exception. This will allow you to climb the career ladder. Caring for Sophia, Famusov's daughter, he pursues precisely this goal.
PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement
- N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Inspector General"
The mayor, like all officials of the district city, is a bribe-taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to show off.
- N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"
Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for the “dead” souls, gives a bribe to the official, after which things move faster.
PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy
- A.N. Ostrovsky, drama "The Thunderstorm"
Dikoy is a typical boor who insults everyone around him. Impunity gave rise to complete unbridledness in this man.
- DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Minor"
Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, which is why the people around her are “brutes” and “morons.”
- A.P. Chekhov, story "Chameleon"
Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him on the career ladder, and feels like a master of the situation before those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.
PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material goods) on the human soul, hoarding
- A.P. Chekhov, story “Ionych”
Doctor Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych’s hoarder. The main passion of his life is money, which became the cause of moral decay of the individual.
- N.V. Gogol, poem “Dead Souls”
The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the reason for the destruction of all family and friendly ties; Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.
PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness
- I.A. Bunin "Cursed days"
Bunin could not even imagine that the brutality and vandalism brought by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.
- D.S. Likhachev, book “On the Good and the Beautiful”
The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that the monument to Bagration’s grave was blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and oblivion.
- V. Rasputin, story “Farewell to Matera”
When villages were flooded, not only people’s homes went under water, but also churches and graveyards, which is a terrible example of vandalism.
PROBLEM: The role of art
- A.T. Tvardovsky, poem “Vasily Terkin”
Front-line soldiers say that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from front-line newspapers, where chapters of the poem were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.
Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful, and people around her are drawn to her.
- A.I. Kuprin, story “Garnet Bracelet”
Listening to Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata,” Vera experienced, thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov, a feeling similar to catharsis. Music awakened in her empathy, compassion, and a desire to love.
PROBLEM: Love for the Motherland, nostalgia
- M.Yu. Lermontov, poem “Motherland”
The lyrical hero loves his homeland as it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.
- A. Blok, poem “Russia”
For the lyrical hero Blok, love for the homeland is similar to love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.
- I.A. Bunin, stories “Clean Monday”, “Antonov Apples”
I.A. Bunin left Russia forever in 1920. A feeling of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which was irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.
PROBLEM: Loyalty to your word (duty)
- A.S. Pushkin, novel “Dubrovsky”
Masha, married to an unloved man, refuses to break the oath of fidelity given in the church when Dubrovsky tries to save her.
- A.S. Pushkin, novel “Eugene Onegin”
Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and her given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of human moral strength.
PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism
- M.A. Bulgakov, novel “The Master and Margarita”
Margarita, who loves the Master, in spite of everything, is true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. A woman flies to Woland's ball to save her beloved. There she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.
- A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin's Dvor"
Matryona lived all her life for people, helping them without asking for anything in return. The author calls her a “truthful woman,” a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience
- L. Andreev, story “Biter”
By taming a dog and leaving it in a holiday village for the winter, people showed their selfishness and showed how cruel they could be.
The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love with a stranger, an enemy, as if he were his own. Hatred for the “Reds” grew into fatherly love and care.
PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, self-analysis, self-improvement
- I.S. Turgenev, novel “Fathers and Sons”
The nihilist Bazarov believed that “every person must educate himself.” And this is the lot of strong people.
- L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"
Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement and creative self-realization.
- M.Yu. Lermontov, novel “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin talks with himself in his diary, evaluates his actions, analyzes his life, which testifies to the depth of this personality.
- L.N. Tolstoy, novel "War and Peace"
The writer showed us the “dialectics of the soul” of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person’s path to truth, justice, and love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of human self-improvement.
PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism
- B. Vasiliev, “And the dawns here are quiet”
The female anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a detachment of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.
- B. Polevoy, “The Tale of a Real Man”
Pilot Alesey Maresyev, thanks to fortitude and courage, not only survived after amputation of his legs, but also became a full-fledged person and returned to his squadron.
- Vorobyov, story “Killed near Moscow”
The Kremlin cadets, showing courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Yastrebov is the only one left alive.
- M. Sholokhov, story “The Fate of a Man”
The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was captured, and escaped. He fulfilled his civic duty with honor. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.
- V. Bykov “Crane cry”
Vasily Glechik, still just a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the battalion commander’s order, carried it out at the cost of his own life, and remained faithful to his oath and duty to his homeland.
It is not necessary to read all the works from the school curriculum in order to write a good essay as part of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The texts proposed by the developers raise “eternal problems”, issues related to human behavior in war, as well as the impoverishment of the native language. There are books that, if read carefully, will free you from the need to study dozens of creations. Life has compiled a list of “saving” literature.
If you really seriously read all 10 books that we will talk about, then you will pass the exam - you will select arguments for any problem, but you can also read just a few works from the list, if you have associative thinking, and you can “twist” any fact from the work in your favor. For example, you should choose who is closer to you: Sholokhov or Tolstoy? It is not necessary to read both epic novels (that is, "Quiet Don" and "War and Peace"), since the problems in them overlap. It is enough to know the plot lines of one of the books really well.
At the same time, do not forget that there must be two arguments, which means that examples from one work cannot be used.
1. "War and Peace" by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Using the example of the stories of three families against the backdrop of the war with Napoleon, many eternal problems are shown - the manifestation of the best (or worst) qualities of a person at critical moments (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky), the inexperience of a young soul (Natasha Rostova) and the influence of the environment on the development of personality (Anatole and Helen Kuragin, Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky, Natasha, Nikolai, Peter and Vera Rostov), choosing a path or searching for the meaning of life (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky). Tolstoy also speaks of mercy in the person of, for example, Natasha Rostova, of duty in the person of the Bolkonskys, of frivolity and cowardice - Anatol Kuragin, Natasha Rostova. The author does not forget about the problem of social stratification, the thirst for power - these are the two opposite worlds of the Kuragin and Rostov families.
In almost every chapter of the novel, in every episode, you can find an argument for a particular problem in the exam text.
2. “Quiet Don” by Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov
In the epic novel dedicated to the life of the Cossacks during the Civil War, one of the central themes is female love and its depth (Natalia and Aksinya). Also, the most important problem raised by Sholokhov is the choice of path by a person. This is the torment of Grigory Melekhov (both in war and in his personal life). The classic talks about the endless pursuit of happiness in spite of any obstacles (the love story of the main characters), as well as about human lust, the influence of instincts on a person’s life (the wife of his older brother Gregory). The theme of fate, inevitability, and atonement for sins can be traced through the entire work. Sholokhov, talking about the Melekhov family, also talks about duty to parents, confrontation between different generations and betrayal.
3. Any book from the series "A Song of Ice and Fire" by George R.R. Martin
Regardless of whether you are a fan of the series or a series of science fiction works, the reality created by the American writer is so global that it embodies all the joys and vices of human life, or, as Balzac would say, “the human comedy.” The history of the confrontation between houses (influential families) for the throne reveals the most terrible sides of the human soul - Martin talks about the rules of fair and dishonest war, about the problem of injustice, hatred and self-interest in society, about incest, greed and mercy, about the problem of duty to family and state, about dishonor regardless of social income, about arrogance, about the presence of a competitive spirit between family members. It doesn’t even make sense to list everything and indicate specific characters - there are many of them, and there are vices and virtues in each of the characters in the cycle. You will find an argument for almost any issue in the history of Westeros. Even the opposition to progress and rejection of the new can be told using the example of the story of the experiments on the Mountain.
4. “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
One of the most important works of the school curriculum is the story of “little people”, “trembling creatures”. The novel also raises a wide range of issues - the duality of the soul, the presence in every person of two poles - good and evil, atonement for sins, the choice of path (again the main characters, Marmeladov), life priorities and personality development, the role of religion in human life, greed and cynicism (old money-lender, Svidrigailov), changes in the perception of the world depending on a person’s internal experiences (St. Petersburg), feelings of guilt, inevitability of punishment, extremism, etc. Most of the novel's problems are shown through the personalities of the main characters - Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova.
5. "Thunderstorm" by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky
A play dedicated to social and everyday problems (like "Dowry"), shows a dark world in which there is no room for bright emotions. They simply die under the onslaught of human “simplicity”, hatred, conservatism and ignorance. In the work one can find arguments on the themes of betrayal (Katerina’s betrayal of her husband), restlessness of the human soul, the constant search for something new (also Katerina), social stratification, following traditions and rejection of youth by the old generation (Kabanikha and Katerina, Tikhon), fate (the Countess and the omen of death ), feelings of guilt, suppression of the word of reason by the heart, lies among loved ones, teenage maximalism, theft among the rich class (Wild), power, the vicissitudes of love, relationships between fathers and children, and so on.
6. “Abroad” by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin
You can make arguments from the satirical work of the classic on the topics of patriotism (love for the Motherland, rejection of someone else’s, even if it is better), confrontation between West and East, Russia and Europe, poor and rich (conversation between a Russian and a German boy), feelings of the crowd, consumer society, oblivion traditions, the human factor in relationships, professional duty, peculiarities of the mentality of different peoples, and so on.
7. "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
It is also important to read the short work of our luminary, because this story (by the way, this argument can also be taken from the novel “War and Peace”) raises the problem of the role of the individual in history (Emelyan Pugachev and Catherine II). It is also impossible not to say about mercy (the Empress again), human behavior in a critical situation, duty to the state, parental strictness (in the person of Father Pyotr Grinev), betrayal (Shvabrin and Grinev), a sense of possessiveness (Shvabrin), social inequality and, of course, about love - the captain's daughter and Grinev.
8. “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown” by Maxim Anisimovich Krongauz
As in the case of “Game of Thrones” (the first part), you don’t have to read it - you can watch the movie. Not everyone loves “The Great Gatsby” - for some it is boring, but the film turned out to be very dynamic (especially since some moments from the novel were not realized on screen - for example, the life of Gatsby in his youth, the episode with his family). The classic of the Jazz Age raises the problems of intolerance of the rich towards the problems of people of low “class”, the difference between love and falling in love, the thirst for power and money, the “little man”. The author also talks about true friendship, dreams and hopes. The latter, according to Fitzgerald, are often empty.
10. “All Quiet on the Western Front” by Erich Maria Remarque
Remarque talks about humility, military duty, despair of those who have lost loved ones, the inevitability of death, equality before war and the death of all people (regardless of wealth, pedigree and type of activity), friendship and indifference in war to things that are important in peacetime. In a short work you can find arguments on almost any military issue.
Unified State Examination in Russian. Task C1.
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What's your name?
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? (“Hero of our time”). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What's good? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the national philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought him a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and teacher Belikov in "Man in a Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was explored in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
- The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a human. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. N.A. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
- The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
- The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
- .
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
I believe that the use of foreign words in one's native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word – condensation.”
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
- The theme of war in literature.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult position: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva “Hot Snow” the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The bearer of people's morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev's orderly from the story. He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode: a killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
- The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us remember the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our fate” reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat all life on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
- Man and state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of brutal government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union excluded Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend your conscience, your thoughts, your neck” - this testament became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunina story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, he took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly held by heroes and. Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the story Y. Trifonova “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
- The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
- The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the modest klutz Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. Protecting nature became his calling and the meaning of life.
A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.
- Parental love.
In Turgenev’s prose poem “Sparrow” we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.
In Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard,” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the fireworks organizers, the irresponsibility of the management, and the negligence of fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.
The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.
There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the main character has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he's bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need that much to be happy.
- The riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.
In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
- Unprincipled.
Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one vile act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went... into another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
In Chekhov's story “Chameleon” the police warden Ochumelov also does not have a clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin’s finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.
Download:
Preview:
Unified State Examination in Russian. Task C1.
- The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
- The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
- The problem of relating to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ("Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What's your name?
- The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov . Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story"Gooseberry" . Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
- The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? (“Hero of our time”). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novelL.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What's good? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the national philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
- Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought him a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived.Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
- The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes Chekhov , “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in"Ionyche" , and teacher Belikov in"Man in a Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
- The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was explored in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
- The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
- The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. N.A. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
- The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
- The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
- The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
- The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
- The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
- The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
- The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in one's native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word – condensation.”
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
- The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
- Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
- The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace”. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L.N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy near the bed, on which, with their eyes open and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult position: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novelY. Bondareva “Hot Snow”the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The bearer of people's morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev's orderly from the storyV. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”. He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episodeV. Nekrasova (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”): the killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
- The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.
It is impossible not to start with such a greatest monument of ancient Russian literature as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
- The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us remember the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our fate” reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat all life on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
- Man and state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of brutal government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union excluded Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend your conscience, your thoughts, your neck” - this is a testamentA.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”)became decisive in the choice of creative path of true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers" , written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov , leaving the USSR, he took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly held by heroesB. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) And Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the storyY. Trifonova “Exchange”Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind -“Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
- The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
- The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
- Caring for the beauty of our native land.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the modest klutz Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. Protecting nature became his calling and the meaning of life.
A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.
- Parental love.
In Turgenev’s prose poem “Sparrow” we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.
- Responsibility. Rash actions.
In Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard,” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the fireworks organizers, the irresponsibility of the management, and the negligence of fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.
The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.
- About simple things. Theme of happiness.
There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the main character has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he's bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need that much to be happy.
- The riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.
In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
- Unprincipled.
Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one vile act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went... into another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
In Chekhov's story “Chameleon” the police warden Ochumelov also does not have a clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin’s finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.
You must use at least 1 argument of your own, taken from fiction, journalistic or scientific literature. Most often, examples are given from fiction, since these are the works that are taught in literature lessons as part of the school curriculum.
Here is an approximate list of references from which you can take arguments to substantiate your point of view. It is compiled on the basis of works from which arguments are most often given when writing an Unified State Examination essay in the Russian language. The list is sorted by author's last name in alphabetical order.
It is worth noting that this list of references is not strictly defined and is only advisory in nature. Arguments can be brought from any other works, the main thing is that they correspond to the main problem of the text. It is also not necessary to read all the works below; for each topic that the text may be devoted to, it is enough to prepare 2 arguments from some of the works.
List of references for arguments in the Unified State Exam essay in the Russian language
| Author | Works |
|---|---|
| L.N. Andreev | “Judas Iscariot”, “Red Laughter”, “Petka in the Dacha” |
| V.P. Astafiev | “Tsar Fish”, “Dome Cathedral”, “Hut”, “Horse with a Pink Mane”, “Lyudochka”, “Postscript”, “Last Bow” |
| I. Babel | "Cavalry" |
| R. Bach | "A Seagull Named Jonathan Livingston" |
| V. Bianchi | "Tales of Animals" |
| G. Beecher Stowe | "Uncle Tom's Cabin" |
| A. Blok | "Twelve" |
| M.A. Bulgakov | “The Master and Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog”, “Notes of a Young Doctor”, “Fatal Eggs” |
| I.A. Bunin | "Mr. from San Francisco", "Brothers", "Dark Alleys" |
| V. Bykov | “Roundup”, “Sotnikov”, “Until Dawn” |
| B. Vasiliev | “And the dawns here are quiet...”, “Drop by drop” |
| J. Verne | "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" |
| K. Vorobiev | "German in felt boots" |
| N. Gal | "The Word Living and Dead" |
| E. Ginzburg | "Steep route" |
| N.V. Gogol | “Taras Bulba”, “Dead Souls”, “Overcoat”, “The Inspector General”, “Terrible Revenge” |
| I.A. Goncharov | "Oblomov" |
| M. Gorky | “Old Woman Izergil”, “At the Depths”, “Childhood”, “Mother”, “Tales of Italy”, “My Universities”, “Konovalov”, “The Orlov Spouses” |
| A.S. Griboyedov | "Woe from Wit" |
| V. Grossman | "Life and Fate" |
| Charles Dickens | "David Copperfield" |
| F.M. Dostoevsky | “Crime and Punishment”, “Idiot”, “White Nights”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Demons”, “The Boy at Christ’s Christmas Tree” |
| T. Dreiser | "American Tragedy" |
| V. Dudintsev | "White Clothes" |
| S.A. Yesenin | "Song of the Dog" |
| A. Zheleznyakov | "Scarecrow" |
| A. Zhigulin | "Black Stones" |
| V. Zakrutkin | "Mother of Man" |
| M. Zamyatin | "We" |
| I. Ilf, E. Petrov | "Golden Calf" |
| A. Knyshev | “Oh great and mighty Russian language!” |
| V. Korolenko | "Children of the Dungeon" |
| A.I. Kuprin | “Garnet Bracelet”, “Taper”, “Duel” |
| Yu. Levitansky | "Everyone chooses for themselves..." |
| M.Yu. Lermontov | “Borodino”, “Hero of our time”, “And I see myself as a child...”, “Stanzas”, “Clouds”, “I will not humiliate myself before you” |
| N.S. Leskov | “Lefty”, “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”, “The Enchanted Wanderer” |
| D.S. Likhachev | "Thoughts about the Motherland" |
| D. London | "Love of Life", "Martin Eden" |
| V.V. Mayakovsky | "Good attitude towards horses" |
| M. Maeterlinck | "Blue Bird" |
| N.A. Nekrasov | “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”, “Railroad”, “Reflections at the Main Entrance” |
| A. Nikitin | "Walking across three seas" |
| E. Nosov | "Difficult Bread" |
| A.N. Ostrovsky | “Thunderstorm”, “Our people - we will be numbered!” |
| K.G. Paustovsky | "Telegram", "Old Cook", "Tale of Life" |
| A. Petrov | "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" |
| A.P. Platonov | “In a beautiful and furious world”, “Yushka” |
| B. Polevoy | "The Tale of a Real Man" |
| A. Pristavkin | “The golden cloud spent the night” |
| M. Prishvin | "Pantry of the Sun" |
| A.S. Pushkin | “Eugene Onegin”, “The Captain’s Daughter”, “The Station Agent”, “The Queen of Spades”, “Nanny”, “I Loved You...”, “October 19”, “God help you, my friends”, “The more often the Lyceum celebrates ", "Chaadaev" |
| V.G. Rasputin | “Farewell to Matera”, “French Lessons” |
| A. Rybakov | “Children of Arbat”, “35th and other years” |
| K.F. Ryleev | "Ivan Susanin", "Death of Ermak" |
| M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin | “The History of a City”, “The Golovlev Family” |
| A. de Saint-Exupéry | "The Little Prince" |
| A. Solzhenitsyn | “Matrenin’s Dvor”, “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “The Gulag Archipelago”, “In the First Circle” |
| V. Soloukhin | "Black Boards", "Letters from the Russian Museum" |
| A.T. Tvardovsky | "Vasily Terkin" |
| L.N. Tolstoy | “War and Peace”, “Sevastopol Stories”, “Childhood”, “After the Ball” |
| Yu. Trifonov | "House on the Embankment", "Disappearance" |
| I.S. Turgenev | “Fathers and Sons”, “Mumu”, “Russian Language”, “Biryuk”, “Notes of a Hunter”, “Nature”, “Conversation”, My Trees”, “Sea Voyage”, “Asya” |
| F.I. Tyutchev | “Not what you think, nature...”, “The Last Cataclysm” |
| L. Ulitskaya | "Daughter of Bukhara" |
| G.I. Uspensky | "Straightened" |
| A. Fadeev | "Young Guard" |
| A.A. Fet | “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch ...”, “On a haystack at night in the south”, “Dawn says goodbye to dawn”, “Pines” |
| DI. Fonvizin | "Undergrown" |
| E. Hemingway | “The Old Man and the Sea”, “Where It’s Clean, It’s Light”, “Undefeated” |
| N. Chernyshevsky | "What to do?" |
| A.P. Chekhov | “The Cherry Orchard”, “Darling”, “Jumping”, “Anna on the Neck”, “Ionych”, “Gooseberry”, “Ward No. 6”, “Student”, “Chameleon”, “Thick and Thin”, “Death of an Official ", "Vanka", "Steppe", "Melancholy", "Unter Prishibeev", "Bride" |
| L. Chukovskaya | "Sofya Petrovna" |
| K.I. Chukovsky | "Alive as Life" |
| V. Shalamov | "Kolyma Tales" |
| E. Schwartz | "Dragon" |
| M.A. Sholokhov | “Quiet Don”, “The Fate of Man”, “Melon Garden”, “Birthmark” |