Hissing consonant sounds - Textbook on the Russian language, grade 1 (Kanakina, Goretsky)
Brief description:
Very often, the names of speech sounds are not given by chance. Vowels are so named because they are vocal. New topic in your Russian language textbook it’s called “Hissing consonants.” These are the sounds [w] and [zh], [sch’] and [h’]. And they really sizzle, don't they?! It turns out that they were given this name based on the principle of onomatopoeia. In the science of the Russian language they are classified as unpaired. But still they form two pairs with each other. Always solid unpaired [w] and [zh] are one pair. And always soft unpaired [sch’] and [h’] are different. Not only in their sound, but also in their character, these consonants stand out among others. We can say that they have a difficult character. Several rather difficult cases of spelling in Russian are associated with them. writing. You should take a closer look and listen to the hissing consonant sounds. Studying their character, understanding their characteristics means successfully coping with those rules that will need to be learned in the future.
In the Russian language, not all speech sounds are designated, but only the main ones. The Russian language has 43 basic sounds - 6 vowels and 37 consonants, while the number of letters is 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 37 sounds) also does not match. The difference is quantitative composition basic sounds and letters are determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing. In Russian, a hard and soft sound is denoted by the same letter, but the sounds soft and hard are considered different, which is why there are more consonant sounds than the letters with which they are denoted.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced ones consist of noise and voice, while deaf ones consist only of noise.
Voiced consonant sounds: [b] [b"] [c] [v"] [d] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [zh] [l] [l"] [ m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless consonants: [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w] [x] [x"] [ h"] [h"]
Paired and unpaired consonants
Many consonants form pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Voiced [b] [b"] [c] [c"] [d] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [g]
Voiceless [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w]
The following voiced and voiceless consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Voiced [l] [l"] [m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless [x] [x"] [ch"] [sch"]
Soft and hard consonants
Consonant sounds are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the tongue when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hard and soft consonants:
Solid [b] [c] [d] [d] [h] [j] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [f] [x]
Soft [b"] [c"] [d"] [d"] [z"] [k"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [p"] [p"] [s"] [ t"] [f"] [x"]
The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Solid [f] [w] [c]
Soft [h"] [sch"] [th"]
Sibilant consonants
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch’], [sh’] are called hissing.
[g] [w] [h"] [sch"]
Whistling consonants
[z] [z"] [s] [s"] [ts]
Whistling sounds s-s, z-z, anterior lingual, fricative. When articulating solids the teeth are exposed, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly curved, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, causing a groove to form in the middle. Air passes through this groove creating frictional noise.
When pronouncing soft s, s, the articulation is the same, but in addition the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. When pronouncing sounds z-z, the ligaments are closed and vibrate. The velum is raised.
Usually, children do not have serious difficulties understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But we should dwell in more detail on hard and soft consonants.
How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants
The very first thing you need to teach your child: consonant sounds can be hard and soft, but not letters.
Typical error:
Children confuse sounds and letters. We remember that a sound sounds, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft; only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.
Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case signs will come to the rescue by which you can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.
Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds
What sound comes after a consonant:
- If after a consonant there is a vowel a, o, u, e, s, then the consonant is hard.
- If after a consonant there is a vowel and, e, yu, i, then the consonant is soft.
Working on examples:
In the words “mama” and “nora” the consonants are hard, because they are followed by “a” and “o”.
In the words “fly” and “nanny” the consonants are soft because they are followed by “e”, “i”, “ya”.
- If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
- There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard or what letter is written after them.
Always hard sounds - zh, sh, ts.
Always soft - th, h, shch.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds on a line, and emphasize “th, ch, sch.” The underscore symbolizes the cushion on which the soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, which means the sounds are soft.
Soft sign and hard sign
- If there is a consonant at the end of a word and the letter “b” after it, then the consonant is soft.
This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.
Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds
When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing hard sounds, the tongue does not move forward.
Table of signs of hard and soft sounds
Solid:
- Before a, o, y, e, y.
- At the end of a word before a consonant.
- F, c, w.
Soft:
- Before vowels e, ё, and, yu, I.
- If after a consonant there is soft sign(dust, measles).
- Y, h, sch.
A picture or simply a list of thematic words is shown, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:
Voiced and voiceless consonants
There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiceless consonants in the Russian language.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in tension vocal cords. Voiceless sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without straining the ligaments. Voiced sounds are pronounced by voice and are caused by vibration of the vocal cords, because air comes out of the larynx noisily.
Mnemonic technique for memorizing voiceless sounds:
Learn the phrase: “Styopka, do you want some cheek? - Fi! All consonant sounds here are unvoiced.
Examples of tasks for children
Tasks for training the differences between paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):
Tasks for distinguishing a pair of consonants G/K
Target:
Summarize children's knowledge about hissing consonant sounds.
To foster the importance (value) of study as intellectual work and learning new things.
UUD: Find words with sibilants zh, sh, ch, sch in the text (for a specific task). Memorize a poem and read it expressively. Compare words in columns and find the “extra” ones.
Visual range: Letter ribbon, multimedia, demonstration material
Lesson plan.
1. Organizational moment.
2. Speech warm-up.
3. Statement of the educational task.
5. Physical exercise.
6.Working with the textbook.
7.Work in notebooks.
8. Final part.
9. Cleaning workplaces.
Progress of the lesson.
1. Organizational moment.
The long-awaited call was given,
The lesson begins.
And books and notebooks,
And thoughts are all right.
2. Speech warm-up.
The pike feels the pike, and when it feels it with its cheek it forgives.
3. Statement of the educational task.
Determine this sound for softness and hardness. For comparison, let's say the words:pike, grove, bream, shield. (The sound [ш'] in all words is pronounced softly, regardless of what sound follows it.)
It is impossible to pronounce this sound firmly. This means that the sound [ш'] is always soft and does not have a paired hard sound.
4.Assimilation of new knowledge and methods of action. 1.Repetition of words with the letter Ш .
Which letters have the sound [a] in their names? (Letters “ka”, “ha”, “sha”, “sha”).
The sounds [ш'] and [ч'] are very close in sound, and they are often confused in words. Let's practice pronouncing them in a tongue twister:
I'm cleaning the puppy with a brush,
I tickle his sides.
2. Reading words in columns.
3. Pronunciation of words, starting with a letter combinationsch. The first sound in such words will be the sound [ш'].
For example:counter, happiness, counting, counting.
Compare the words:read and count.
4. Derivation of the spelling rules for combinations: cha-sha, chu-schu from written words. (Thicket written with a letteroh, wow written with a letteru.
Reading the rules.
5.Work in pairs
Reading of Pivovarov’s poem “Stream”
6.Working with a poem.
5. Physical exercise.
Children stand up like a train, move around the classroom and sing:
Here is our train coming,
The wheels are knocking
And on our train
The guys are sitting.
Chu-chu-chu-chu-chu-chu-
The locomotive is running
Far, far away
He took the guys.
6.Working with the textbook.
The teacher reads Potashnikov’s “Icicles”:
How do you understand this expression? (Children's answers)
Conversation based on text.
7.Work in notebooks.
1. The word is “hidden” in the sentencepuppy (puppy).
2. Solving puzzles.(Pikes, box, cheek).
3. Crossword solution.(1.Grove. 2.Cloak. 3.Pike.)
8. Final part.
What letter did you meet today?
What sound does it represent?
Describe this sound. (The sound [sh'] is a consonant, unvoiced, it does not have a paired voiced consonant, it is always soft).
What rule did you come across? (Cha-scha is written with the letter a, chu-schu is written with the letter y).
Reflection.
Now our lesson comes to an end.
There are three statements on the board: “I want to know more.” “Okay, but I can do better.” “I’m still experiencing difficulties.”
The teacher reads and students raise their hands if they agree with one of them.
9. Cleaning workplaces.
In Russian, consonant letters have several classifications. Let's look at them separately.
Hard and soft, paired, unpaired
All letters of the Russian alphabet, except for vowels (a, o, u, e, ы, e, yu, ya, ё, i), as well as hard (ъ) and soft (ь) signs are consonants. Only consonant sounds can be divided into soft and hard.
For example, (b)–(b´): bolt-bit, (e)–(d´): oak – business. In the first case, the consonant sound is hard, in the second it is soft.
According to hardness and softness, consonants form pairs. There are 15 such pairs. The consonants that do not have a pair are (ts), (zh), (sh), (ch), (sch), (y). For this reason they are called unpaired.
Among the unpaired 4 consonants, when pronounced, their consonants hiss, that is, they are sibilant. These are – (g), (w), (w), (h). Moreover, (w) and (g) are always hard, and (w) and (h) are always soft. You just need to remember this.
Thus, (ш) and (ж) are hard unpaired sibilant consonant sounds.
Peculiarities of using “zh” and “sh” in words
So, let's look at how these sounds manifest themselves in words. Let's do a sound-letter analysis.
Shorts – (shorts). Here the sound (w) stands next to the sound (o). There are no doubts about pronunciation and spelling.
Whisper - (sh o p a t). Since the sound (w) is always hard, the sound (e) is not able to soften it, as, for example, in the word “children,” where (d´) becomes soft. Doubts arise when choosing between “e” and “o”. IN in this case to check the spelling, select a word with the same root word with “ё” or “e” (whisper).
As for the sound (g), the same rule applies here. You just need to distinguish between the roots - zhyog and - zhog. To choose the correct spelling, we turn to the context.
For example, “Petya burned his hand.” In this context we mean action. “Burn” is a verb, so it’s written “ё”. “My father had a bad burn.” Here the word “burn” is a noun and it is spelled with an “o”.
Another rule: “we always write zhi-shi through I.” This means that after “zh” and “sh” “s” cannot be written. In general, the exceptions are:
- foreign words (fishu, jury);
- foreign names (Jules);
- abbreviations (inter-legal bureau).