According to the Department of Health and social security, there are 4.3 million people in the United States who are blind or visually impaired. Many of us have such people among our acquaintances and we would like to support them, but not everyone knows how to behave and be useful. Warn the person when you enter the room, ask how you could help - this is quite simple ways show courtesy and help a blind person. First of all, your behavior should be based on respect and understanding of the fact that the person you want to help is not just blind.
Steps
Basic Standards of Courtesy
- Identify yourself so that the person understands who he is dealing with.
- If a person offers you his hand to shake, do not refuse.
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Announce your departure from the room. It's not always intuitive, but care should say something. You should not rely on the person to hear your retreating footsteps. It is simply impolite to leave without warning, because the person may continue to contact you. This awkward situation is frustrating.
Offer your help. If it seems to you that the person is not comfortable with your help, then instead of making assumptions, it is best to ask directly. Politely suggest, “may I help you?” If the answer is yes, then ask what you should do. But if the answer is no, then it is impolite to insist. Many blind people have learned to get along just fine without any outside help.
- If they are ready to accept your help, then do only what is asked. Often, sighted people take on too much for good reasons, and a blind person can be offended by such behavior.
- In some cases, you don't even need to ask. For example, when everyone is sitting down at the table, and a blind person is already sitting, there is no need to come up and ask how you could help. Try to feel the situation rather than guess.
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Ask questions directly. Many people have no experience communicating with blind people and do not know how to treat them. For example, in a restaurant, waiters often turn to the person sitting next to a blind person when offering the blind person more water or a menu. Blind people cannot see, but they can hear everything, so always contact them directly.
Use the words “look” and “see.” You may be tempted to change your speech habits and try not to use words like “look” and “see.” Better use them, otherwise an awkward situation may arise. A blind person will be unpleasant not from using these words, but from the fact that you speak to him differently than to everyone else.
- Don't be shy about saying things like "I'm very glad to see you."
- But don't use the words "look" and "see" when describing this person's actions. For example, if a person is at risk of bumping into something, it is better to say “Stop!” rather than “Watch your step!”
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You should not pet your guide dog. These are specially trained animals that are designed to protect life and safety. blind people. Blind people rely on guide dogs for guidance, so you should not call or pet them. If the dog is distracted, a dangerous situation may arise. Don't distract the dog's attention. You can stroke it only if the blind person himself suggested it to you.
Don't make assumptions about the lives of the blind. It is unethical to ask many questions or discuss the issue of blindness. They answer questions like this all the time. Every day they find themselves in places and situations in which sighted people feel more comfortable. You will do much more kindness by talking to a blind person about the most ordinary things.
- A common myth that blind people are often asked about is their incredible sense of hearing or smell. Blind people have to rely on these senses much more than sighted people, but they don't have any super powers, and it's not nice to assume that.
- Typically, blind people do not like to talk about the reasons for their blindness. They can start this conversation themselves. Only then can you ask a few questions.
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Help him walk up the steps. First, indicate whether the stairs should be ascended or descended, and also describe the approximate slope and length of the stairs. Then place the blind man's hand on the railing. If you are leading a person, then take the first step and wait for the person being guided to keep up with you.
Help pass through doorways. When approaching the door, the blind person should be on the side of the hinges and should be told which way the door opens. First, open the door and go through it yourself. Then place the blind man's hand on the doorknob and allow him to close the door behind both of you.
Say hello loudly. When you enter a room where a blind person is already present, a loud greeting will alert him to your presence. If you remain silent until you get close to the person, he or she may think you came out of nowhere, which can be embarrassing for anyone.
Suddenly incidental blindness or even a significant decrease in vision, disrupting normal life activities, are one of the most severe mental shocks for a person. As we have already indicated, the organ of vision is one of the main, general analyzers, providing all visual information about outside world and the possibility of appropriate adaptation in the environment. For a certain period of time, until compensation occurs, a suddenly blind person becomes helpless, which often leads to acute psychotic reactions, in some cases lasting for a long time.
R. Sussmann, a psychiatrist, pointed out that ophthalmology is a close “sister” discipline in relation to psychiatry. We fully share this point of view and are convinced that the structure of a large ophthalmological department should include a psychiatrist, and on the staff of the ophthalmological institute - a group of psychiatrists who would not only study the characteristics of neuropsychic disorders in various ophthalmological diseases, but and were engaged in the development of treatment and preventive measures for this group of patients.
Should note that, as with one or another pathology in the ophthalmological sphere, severe neuropsychic disorders develop, and various disorders of the function of this sphere such as amblyopia, amaurosis, ptosis, blepharospasm, etc. arise in many diseases of a psychogenic nature (neuroses, reactive states, decompensation , psychopathy).
Kalxthoff, having examined about 7,000 patients with psychogenic amblyopia, noted that in children under 15 years of age this pathology occurs 5 times more often than in adults.
There is no doubt that persons who suddenly became blind in adulthood, the organic symptoms caused by the underlying disease that led to blindness are complicated by functional psychogenic disorders and the very fact of decreased or loss of vision. Here, the personality structure of the patient plays a significant role in the development of pathological disorders. Thus, L. Cholden believes that the mental reaction to blindness is closely related to the characteristics of the personality structure before the onset of blindness. The more dependent a person was on others before losing his sight, the more pronounced and acute his reaction to blindness.
L. Holden, G. Adams, I. Pearlmen indicate that, in addition to neurotic reactions to vision loss, the blind often develop anxious depression, sometimes with persistent suicidal thoughts and actions. Loss of vision, according to F. Deutsch, leads to emotional conflict and the development of anxiety.
As we indicated in previous articles on our website, born blind a certain uniqueness of mental functions is noted: perceptions, ideas, memory, emotional-volitional reactions. In these individuals, the development and formation of the psyche occurs under conditions of visual deprivation - turning off vision, leading to disruption of the adaptive function of the body. Adaptation in people born blind occurs slowly, gradually, as the child grows and the scope of his vital and social functions expands.
In persons blind in adulthood, the process of formation of the psyche has almost been completed, a certain personal structure has emerged; in addition, before losing their vision, they were already, to one degree or another, adapted to their environment. Therefore, loss of vision for them is not the initial condition, as is the case with those born blind or blind in early childhood, and the complete collapse of everyone life plans and hopes.
As is known, " plastic» adaptive-compensatory functions in adulthood are significantly lower than in childhood, and adaptation to a lost function occurs more slowly. Sudden blindness in adulthood is not very common, but still not such a rare phenomenon. At the same time, about the clinical manifestations and dynamics of neurotic reactions in these patients and the features of their adaptation from literary sources Quite little is known, and the available information is scattered and contradictory.
Since 1970, we (together with A.I. Semenov) have studied psychopathological disorders in individuals who suddenly became blind in adulthood (before 45 years). 133 people, mostly men (75%), were examined in an ophthalmological hospital and outpatient setting. The main research method was clinical-dynamic using experimental psychological techniques (associative verbal experiment, antonymic series, memorization of 10 words, etc.). Neurological and electroencephalographic examinations were performed simultaneously.
Excluded from those studied were persons with mental illness, organic brain damage with mental disorders, as well as pronounced psychopathic traits.
Blindness was mainly caused by traumatic eye injury, chemical burn and detachment, the duration of blindness ranged from 2 to 5 years. More than 60% of patients lost their vision before the age of 35. Persons no older than 45 years of age were selected for the examination in order to exclude the possibility of the manifestations of cerebral atherosclerosis influencing the clinical picture.
Residual vision in the form of light perception was observed in 30% of those examined.
In professional and social terms Before loss of vision, patients were distributed as follows: workers and peasants - 64%, office workers and students - 36%, and 56% of those examined were married.
A. I. Semenov distinguishes three stages of the neurotic reaction that arose in response to blindness: the first stage is acute reactive; the second is transitional, lasting up to 3 years, during which either practical adaptation to blindness occurs, or pathocharacterological, mainly neurotic, changes in the personality structure gradually increase; the third stage is characterized by the formation of persistent pathocharacterological traits (personal psychopathization).
This dual organization of the process of seeing the world around us has formed two main approaches to eye disorders - ophthalmological and psychoneurological. A kind of dispute between physicists and lyricists in the study of the human visual system.
The ophthalmological approach considers vision, first of all, as an optical and electrochemical system, that is, a very complex, but still a machine. Accordingly, if something in the mechanism does not happen as it should, this implies a breakdown of one of the parts, a violation of the transportation of technical fluids, improper operation, or, in general, an initial defect during assembly. In other words, the three pillars of traditional ophthalmology: trauma, heredity and prolonged visual strain in conditions that are difficult for the functioning of the eyes.
Psychologists and neurologists, on the contrary, admit that our vision can be influenced by psychological trauma and stressful conditions. On the one hand, stress and stress on the psyche directly affect organic matter. For example, trying to stay within the limits accepted during social contacts, we “keep face” by force of will, but emotions will still find a way out. As a result of an increase in arterial or intracranial pressure, the pressure of the vessels of the fundus will also rise, or the muscles that focus the lens will be overstrained for a long time, etc. Such conditions are close to classic psychosomatosis - not surprisingly, to the “golden seven” psychosomatic diseases Now they have added migraine, with its characteristic eye pain, intolerance to light and sometimes aura (partial or complete short-term loss of vision). On the other hand, a destructive mental load may not disrupt the functioning of the sensory organs, but it is quite capable of causing distortion or blocking of the interpretation of visual information.
My eyes wouldn't look!
As a system for perceiving and processing information flow, vision not only perceives what it sees, but also, if necessary, displaces it. Denial of access to awareness of traumatic, dangerous information can be compared to fuses in electronics. With extremely high psychological stress, vision can simply turn off - “I don’t want to see,” “I can’t see.” As a result, the body implements the imperative literally - we really stop noticing anything.
Cases of blindness or vision problems due to mental stress or shock have been known since ancient times.
Herodotus has a description of the psychogenic blindness that struck an Athenian warrior during the Battle of Marathon: “The Athenian warrior, Epicelius, son of Kuthagoras, was fighting bravely on the battlefield when he suddenly lost his sight. Both his eyes stopped seeing, although he was not hit by a sword, a spear, or a stone fired from a sling. From that moment until the end of his life he remained blind.” High emotional intensity and the sudden awareness of imminent death forced Epicelius’s psyche to block visual information.
The most common psychogenic visual impairments are partial or complete blindness, tunnel vision, unilateral or bilateral decrease in visual acuity, doubling and disarray of objects. The nature of the disorders leading to such results is very different. More often than not, the culprit is the unconscious reproduction of symptoms in an attempt to solve social conflict. For example, vision is sharply lost or critically deteriorated in strictly defined situations.
At the same time, the “sick” also receives some benefit. The primary one is that it is possible to avoid a destructive conflict between what a person sees and the basic settings of his internal reality. The secondary consists of purchasing bonuses in interpersonal relationships And social life. This includes manipulation of loved ones, and the opportunity to implement certain behavioral patterns - for example, “let go of the oars” - and a chance to receive care and constant attention from relatives. Moreover, the symptoms are not associated with any changes in the organs: they can appear suddenly, persist and disappear just as unexpectedly. This gives distrustful observers reason to suspect the patient of malingering.
Depending on the psychological school, the process is interpreted differently, but the general basis is based on classical psychoanalysis. For example, psychogenic blindness indicates a direct reluctance to see the problem, myopia indicates a refusal to try to predict the future, farsightedness indicates a rejection of what is at hand, routine, and the immediate environment.
Often, somatic disorders are supported linguistically: many stable phraseological units seem to illustrate what is happening or set the direction of the reaction to a traumatic event - “I don’t want to see this”, “my eyes wouldn’t see you”, “don’t show yourself to me”, “it’s dark in my eyes” , “as if through a fog,” “it’s black in the eyes,” “can’t see beyond the nose.” Although it cannot be said that impulses repressed into the unconscious literally use linguistic cliches to manifest themselves in the form of functional disorders.
Using glasses, eye drops and surgery to cure vision problems as a protective reaction of the psyche is, to say the least, naive. If the patient chooses this path of protection or manifestation of unmanifested mental processes, an attempt to medicinally reduce these signs to nothing will only aggravate the situation - the following somatic signals can be even more sophisticated and harsh. Much more effective in this case are psychotherapeutic methods in combination with sedatives and antidepressants, and this is a question for specialists.
TEXT: Denis Grachev
Margarita Melnikova
Who has it worse: blind people from birth or late blind people?
Several years ago, in the hospital ward of one of the ophthalmology centers, I heard the following dialogue.
“It’s good for you, you’ve always been blind, you just don’t know what vision is, but I just recently became blind!” said a woman of about fifty who lost her sight as a result of diabetes.
“Yeah, nothing good, you’ve been conscious life“We had the happiness of seeing this world, but I didn’t!” answered a girl of about twenty.
"So what! Yes, it would be better if I had never seen it at all, I would have gotten used to it, adapted, and so... I lost my job, and my husband left, and I began to become stupid right before my eyes!” the woman objected.
“Oh, and as a child, due to blindness, I was deprived of communication, I didn’t run in the yard, I didn’t watch cartoons with other kids, I didn’t go to the circus,” the girl answered.
The interlocutors argued for a long time then, each trying to prove that she was right, although, it is clear that both of them were right in their own way and at the same time both were wrong. Who has it worse, who is in a more “winning” situation - a person born blind or who lost his sight at a conscious age?
In order not to torment the reader with vain hopes for the only correct answer, I will say right away that there can be no talk of any “winning” position, or of any concept of “better” or “worse”. It’s hard for both interlocutors in the above dialogue, but in both cases there are advantages, no matter how cruel it may sound.
1. When a person loses his sight at a conscious age, it is a serious psychological trauma for him, and the later this happens (I’m not talking about extreme old age), the more severe the trauma. It is especially difficult to cope with loss in youth and adulthood. Let's say a person studies or works, occupies a certain social position in society, and suddenly... blow! Blindness! Or maybe not a blow, but a gradual deterioration of vision. In the latter case, the loss is a little easier to bear; the person understands, gets used to it, and adapts to new conditions. Most often, a person who has lost his sight is turned away by some people who were previously considered friends, he is fired from his job, and sometimes even close people (a spouse, less often, parents) abandon him. The blind person finds himself, as it were, in a social vacuum and in an information vacuum too.
2. A person who has lost his sight retains important “visual reflexes”: he can more easily learn to walk with a cane, since he approximately, if not accurately, remembers the layout of the area in which he lives; the visual picture of the world (city, region, objects) is preserved.
3. It is much more difficult for a late-blind person to find a job again according to his qualifications. Such people most often get jobs at SPE (special enterprises), for jobs that do not require special knowledge (manufacturing switches, boxes, furniture). Judge for yourself how, for example, an engineer will feel, forced to assemble switches, left “without eyes”?
4. Of course, such a person, if he has not reached a certain age, still has the opportunity to get an education, which will give him the opportunity to find a higher-paid and highly qualified job. (My reasoning in no way indicates disrespect for the people working at the UPP).
In relation to a person born blind, all of the above will be true, only, of course, with the opposite sign.
1. Such a person simply does not know, cannot imagine what it means to “see.” I don’t mean ignorance, denseness, I’m talking about vision as a feeling, an ability. So, a person cannot adapt to the absence of something that he never had. But there is another problem here. A person born blind must adapt to a “sighted” environment, especially after a long stay in a special boarding school for blind and visually impaired children.
2. A graduate of such a boarding school immediately chooses for himself a profession where he could count on success and competence in the absence of vision. He will also look for a suitable job for himself.
3. It is much more difficult for a person born blind or who has lost his sight in early childhood to master “sighted” behavior and a “sighted” model of the world: routes on the ground, the idea of a figure, number, letter, space. Again, I in no way mean the stupidity and narrow-mindedness of these people, but I am only talking about surmountable difficulties.
4. Almost all people born without vision have well-developed compensatory mechanisms: heightened hearing, sense of smell, sensitivity of the skin on the face, tactile sensitivity. Unfortunately, in late-blind people, these abilities and mechanisms are developed extremely poorly or do not develop at all.
So, after reading the arguments presented here, you will understand more clearly, and maybe even share my point of view: both people who are blind from birth, and those who lost it later, have their own hardships and difficulties that need to be dealt with.
Updated 09/22/2008
The article was posted on the website on September 14, 2008
Vera Badak, first of all you need to contact the regional branch of the Society of the Blind. They will tell you where to go. You can write to me in a personal message. I will help as much as I can.
Article rating: 3
Well, you know! They attacked a person here. It so happened that I had to communicate with one person who was born blind, and with another who lost her eye as an adult. It’s hard for both of them, but it’s still harder for those who have lost their sight at an older age. Because it is psychologically difficult to come to terms with and adapt to.
Article rating: 5
Katerina Bogdanova, it’s not a matter of attacking a person, it’s just that the author of this article took a really serious topic, but to reveal this topic I seriously couldn't.
Article rating: 1
Uv. Katerina, YOU are absolutely right. Let's try to explore this topic together.
1. The attitude of a blind person to himself, to his functional impairment (visual defect): a) late blind
b) blind from birth
a) A late-blind person is a person who is accustomed to using vision as the main source of information about the state of the world around him, about its safety, about its beauty. Through vision we receive a huge amount of information that informs us, educates, pleases, entertains, encourages, calms, excites (for example, men seeing beautiful legs), etc. And suddenly a person is deprived of this. He doesn’t see what surrounds him - and this is really scary: He can’t fully serve himself - how disgusting and disgusting that is. You can still get injured - as if misfortunes weren’t enough? Unable to do everyday things - who needs me? You can’t do what you love (help your neighbors) - how crazy time passes! and….. (Add it yourself.)
What do you think is the worst thing about getting old? Diseases? Small pension? Child inattention? Magnetic storms? …… You know, no! -I am a pensioner myself. The worst thing about getting old is feeling like no one needs YOU.
A late-blind person begins to perceive himself in approximately the same way after the physical pain, the soul will calm down a little. And he is, in general, right. Indeed, he becomes a dependent who needs to be served, fed, walked, and at the same time he will be capricious, show off, and undermine his rights. What if a person is still in full bloom? What then? - rot alive, drink yourself to death... But, as you know, a person - homo sapiens(a reasonable person) and, therefore, if a particular person is such, then he can and must find a way out of what happened. But other people (relatives and specialists) can and should help him with this. True, the result of this help depends on what a particular individual is: an optimist or a pessimist, a fighter or a dependent. Seriously affects the result of assistance, this is his moral values who surrounds the late-blind person, in what conditions he is rehabilitated and lives.
b) Blind since childhood - a person who, for one reason or another, in the prenatal or postnatal period developed serious disturbances of the visual tract that were not eliminated in the first year of life (born blind), or who lost his sight in early childhood (the first three years) .
The attitude of a person (blind since childhood) towards himself, towards his defect is primarily determined by the conditions in which he was brought up - he became homo sapiens or ..... It is very easy to get into a child’s head that he is unhappy, incapable of anything and etc. If this is done in preschool age(especially in the first three years of life), then you can give up on such a person; you will never see anything from him except begging. Begging doesn’t have to mean sitting at the porch.
If the child is provided with all the necessary and sufficient conditions for development, then already in school years it will be possible to see that blindness, a serious disorder of the central nervous system, can be reduced to a physical defect that does not prevent a person from living fully as homo sapiens. Yes, his life will be associated with a huge number of restrictions, but who among those living on earth does not have certain restrictions and it is not known which of them are more terrible. It all depends on how to treat them and how to be able (learn) to overcome them.Thus, we can summarize - the attitude of a blind person to himself, to blindness, is, first of all, determined by the psychological status of the individual himself, i.e. by the conditions in which he was brought up as a child, and not by the time he became blind. I'm not talking about people who become blind in old age, although in this case the same pattern works, but a lot depends on how much vitality remains.
Article rating: 3
Vyacheslav Ozerov, from your comments we can make a finished article on the same topic. It is preferable to do just this - to disclose a topic in which you are competent in a separate text, and provide a link in the comment.
Vyacheslav Ozerov, I completely agree with you, I would also add various methods of rehabilitation of a person who was blind at birth and in adulthood. There are various systems rehabilitation, I won’t mention spontaneously, but, for example, I saw how blind children are taught to live in the world around them. They are taught to “see” with their fingers. They also use the expression “I see,” but at the same time they feel the object and try to characterize it. Now, if the author had somehow considered the differences in rehabilitation methods for those who are blind from birth and those who have lost their sight at a later age, then the article would be excellent, it would have practical value and would help a lot of people.
Article rating: 1
2. UV. Ekaterina, I’ll try to continue. I will not touch upon the issues of bringing a late-blind person out of post-traumatic shock. These are questions of a psychologist, often on the verge of psychiatry. At the same time, let's remember that the development of medicine, science and technology gives late-blind people hope of regaining their sight. The hope is not groundless, because... In late-blind people, unlike those who have been blind since childhood, the brain function - vision (vision), which is formed in a person in childhood, in most cases remains intact. Blindness in an adult, in the overwhelming majority of cases, is caused by a disruption in the process of transmitting information about waves of the optical range through the eyes to the visual cortex of the brain (eye - optic nerve - ....). The hope that a late-blind person cherishes often prevents him from striving to learn to live without sight.
In those who have been blind since childhood, this function has not been formed, so their hope of seeing is zero. If the brain does not form any function in a timely manner, then this will happen for the rest of your life, no matter how offensive it may be. IN in this case hope is not the last to die. This applies not only to vision.
It would be nice for Margarita, as a psychologist, to talk about how people who constantly communicate with a recently blind person should behave, what to help him with and what not.
Now about the methods and techniques of rehabilitation of the blind:
a) for late-blind people you will find on the website of the Center for Medical and Social Rehabilitation for the Visually Impaired http://bli.narod.ru/index.htm. I can only add (based on my observations) the most important are mastering spatial orientation, everyday orientation, learning to read and write in Louis Braille dotted font. Everything else is secondary, based on the above. Mastering all kinds of technical devices that make life easier is possible (and necessary) only after a blind person is able to walk independently from point A to point B (without the help of a sighted guide), when he is able to cook his own food, wash his clothes and take care of himself without the help of relatives, when will be able to write a note that can only be read by the person to whom it is addressed. After the blind person becomes confident that no matter what happens, he will be able to find a way out of the situation, the blind person can master any technique that will make it easier for him to understand and control environment. Honor to him, praise to his courage and our immense respect. And there are many outstanding blind people in the history of mankind, starting with Homer.
What should loved ones do:
-first: don’t whine and don’t feel sorry for him and yourself. Set the blind person up for active social rehabilitation, and not for nurturing hope for healing. It will be good if this happens, but if not, or maybe it will become possible in N years. Then these N years will most likely turn into a nightmare for everyone. And yet, we must not forget that today’s medicine can promise anything for money, but deliver.....
-second: do not try to do for a blind person what he can (wants) to do himself; continue to speak to him in the familiar language of sighted people; learn to comment on everything that happens that is not available to a blind person due to lack of vision (about the picture on the TV screen, about the rain outside the window, etc.); learn to maintain order in the house so that everything lies (stands, hangs) in the same place, known to the blind person.
- third: believe that if a blind person has found the strength to continue living actively without sight, then you are lucky, and you will soon be proud of him and yourself.
b) today you can find a lot of literature for people who have been blind since childhood. I will offer my book: “Conversations with parents of blind children” M. ARKTI, 2007. It is on sale, the abbreviated text can be found on the Internet. I can send you an electronic version. It contains a list of literature on the rehabilitation of blind children.
I can only add that in your attitude towards a blind child you must remember:
- what, he should be treated as to an ordinary child, which has its own developmental characteristics;
- when raising him, there is no need to invent anything (including any ultra-modern technical means, methods, programs, projects that “protect” (in quotes) the child from the outside world), but to take advantage of the developments of typhlopedagogy and the experience of other parents;
- do not forget that every day, month, year the child’s brain gets acquainted with the world around him and develops in a certain sequence, and if something is missed, then it cannot be caught up, and also, if the brain is not yet ready to solve the task, then the child won't solve it.
- pity for the child and for oneself is the basis of overprotection - the biggest obstacle to preparing a blind child for independent life in a society of sighted people;
- and lastly, medicine is most often powerless in attempts to eliminate deep visual impairments that occur in a child at birth (developing in the first year of life). But the safety (for the brain) of these attempts is questionable. Be careful.Article rating: 3
You see, for about 6 years my work has been related to people with disabilities, including those with vision... If we start from the very beginning, then the title of the article itself is not correct. But if the author tried to answer this question, then he still had to open up this topic and consider this issue in the context of the social rehabilitation of people with similar problems. When I started reading this article, I thought I would find some useful information on this topic. But all I learned from this article is that it is difficult for both people to live with such an illness.
The conclusion made at the end of the article is at the kindergarten level.Article rating: 1
Well, you understand that the article is not for specialists, like all the articles on our site, but for those who may not have thought about such problems. And the information is first-hand, by the way.
I understand, of course. But the topic is too serious.
Article rating: 1
Actually, the topic raised in the article is very important, but Ekaterina Chizhova is right, the article is not correct and is even wrong in some ways. So the statement in “paragraph 4” Almost all people born without vision have well-developed compensatory mechanisms: heightened hearing, sense of smell, sensitivity of the skin on the face, tactile sensitivity. Unfortunately, in late-blind people, these abilities and mechanisms are developed extremely poorly or do not develop at all.” - not true. Physiological studies of typhlopedagogues in Russia in the second half of the last century have shown that tactile sensitivity in sighted people is no worse, and in some cases better, than in blind people. The physiological acuity of hearing, smell, and skin sensitivity also does not depend on the presence or absence of vision. But with visual deprivation, there is a restructuring of the interaction of intact senses with the central nervous system. The brain begins to pay more attention to information from hearing, touch, and smell, and their resolution increases. But to increase this resolution, training and more training is needed to perceive the brain’s signals from the remaining sense organs. This is the difference between the typhlopedagogical approach in education and conventional pedagogy. In conventional pedagogy, to form an image of an object, sometimes it is enough to look at the object itself. And in typhlopedagogy, this object must be listened to, touched, sniffed, licked... and then, perhaps, it will be formed into an image.
One of these most important training methods is mastering reading and writing using dotted font, invented by Louis Braille. Whether these trainings will be beneficial or not depends on the conditions under which the blind person will train, and it is not so important when he became blind: in childhood or later. If the training is aimed at developing his independence, the ability to overcome difficulties, and developing the desire to live among sighted people, then it will be successful. If the goal is to protect him from all sorts of misfortunes, to make his life easier (including by replacing ordinary activities with technical means), or to overprotect him, then it will be unsuccessful. I have a number of living examples of both. And the consequences of the second o…. how terrible.
In relation to late-blind people, there is a very important factor - this is the most complex psychocorrectional work to recover from post-traumatic shock; for those who have been blind since childhood, such work may also be needed in adolescence, but to a much lesser extent.Article rating: 3
The article is not about anything. In my opinion the conclusion is: "...both people who are blind from birth, and those who lose it later, have their own hardships and difficulties that need to be dealt with"This is obvious.
Article rating: 1
In addition to the conclusion, Ekaterina, the article talks about exactly what hardships and difficulties these and other blind people have. This is important for those with whom such people live nearby; this knowledge makes it possible to understand and help. I wonder what you personally expected when you opened an article with that title? What was the article supposed to help you with and didn’t?
Catherine!
my daughter is going blind due to diabetes in her left eye, a vitrectomy a year ago, an operation now there is a hemorrhage on her right eye, I’m not talking about psychological support from specialists, they didn’t even give me sick leave, but it’s not only in my case that the blind person is left with himself and with his parents where to look for help, rehabilitation where to go primarily not for treatment, but specifically for social adaptation
This article will talk about the psychosomatic causes of poor vision, and will also give some recommendations for changing the ways of thinking that caused the deterioration of vision.
Our eyes are not just one of the senses, they are completely responsible for our perception and vision of things both around us and in ourselves. Eyes - represent the ability to clearly see the past, present and future. If vision is impaired, the perception of reality and oneself as they are is impaired. Visual impairment is a reluctance to see or notice certain things around you (myopia) or in yourself (farsightedness), as well as in life in general. Psychosomatic causes of poor vision
Aggressive emotions such as hatred, anger, anger accumulate in the soul, and they create problems with the eyes, because the eyes are the mirror of the soul. Such people are prevented from seeing the good by their pride and stubbornness. They do not understand that they see bad things in their world only because they look at the world through the prism of their aggressive emotions. There is only one way out - to clear your perception of negative thinking, patterns and prejudices, then the world will become a better place. Create a world for yourself that you would enjoy looking at.
The eyes are the place where sadness is released. Vision problems occur when sadness is not fully expressed. Therefore, the eyes get sick both in those who cry constantly and in those who never cry. When people reproach their eyes because they see only one unpleasant thing, the foundation of eye disease is laid.
Poor vision is a direct consequence of a suppressed desire not to see something and (or) someone. Deterioration of vision is a signal (metaphor, message) that the need and need not to see something or someone has become unbearable, and there is no way to satisfy it (i.e., to avoid a harmful stimulus).
By losing his sight, a person receives a “secondary benefit” for this, that is, he gains the opportunity not to see closely what he does not want to see, and over time this develops into the benefit of not doing something (for example, doing small work with farsightedness). He cannot (or rather does not allow himself) to manage his life in such a way that the stimulus disappears from his field of vision, so by weakening his vision he facilitates the psychological experience (compensation occurs).
Forced to see what he does not want to see, a person creates a contradiction between parts of his experience (good vision on the one hand and “bad” psychological vision on the other) - and his good eyesight equates to “poor psychological vision” (synchronization).
And, finally, it is obvious that a person thereby generates in his mind rigid programs of “bad” visual experience (it manifests itself in the words: “I don’t want to see you”, “get out of my sight”, “my eyes would not see you” , “and don’t show yourself to me”, “seeing you is sickening”, “it hurts to look at all this” and so on and so forth).
It is no coincidence that, according to statistics, young people’s vision deteriorates, as a rule, with a minus sign (myopia or myopia), and in older people – with a plus sign (farsightedness). Older people have a lot of past, and in the past there is a lot of pain, disappointments, mistakes and everything that you really don’t want to see in yourself. And for young people it is fear of “prospects”, fear of the future.
Another reason for visual impairment is related to the establishment of a forced physical boundary at viewing distance. Such boundaries are the walls of houses, fences, books, monitor and TV screens, etc. (there are even studies confirming that the more densely populated a city is and the less space there is (a house literally stands on top of a house), the statistically worse vision its inhabitants).
There is always an obstacle in front of your eyes on which you focus your gaze. The eyes, encountering constant obstacles, are trained to see only up to a certain distance ( ordinary person, when waking up, he does not see further than the walls, when going out into the street he immediately directs his eyes to his feet, on public transport he looks at a book, at work at the monitor, and in reverse order).
The eyes of many are simply not trained to look beyond a few meters (that’s why, when working with a vision restoration system, I insist not only on completely abandoning glasses, but also on relieving the eyes as much as possible). This distance is established unconsciously by the person himself in order to isolate himself from something external (for example, not to see real world further than your book, TV or computer game).
Visual impairment can also be associated with the type and style of thinking. In addition to our eyes, we have another type of “eye” that is capable of seeing at any distance and overcoming any obstacles, which see equally well both at night and during the day. These “eyes” are our mind.
The mind is able to simulate visual sensations without any connection with what is in at the moment time is seen by our own eyes. A person who reads a lot, dreams of an unrealistic, fantasy future, or often draws pictures of the past, all the time generates visual pictures in his head that do not exist in reality (not here and now). Over time, his eyes (physical vision), in fact, become a sensory vestige of psychological vision. The true visual function is constantly suppressed, roughly speaking, as unnecessary, and vision deterioration occurs.
People who live all the time “here and now” have very little chance of damaging their eyesight, because most of They use only physiological vision and very little time, so to speak, psychological vision.
This was a summary of several of the most adequate theories of visual impairment. And now, for convenience, I will analyze each of the cases of weakened vision separately. Myopia
With myopia, a person does not see far, but sees well near - this means that the person is focused on himself and on his immediate surroundings. People with myopia, as a rule, find it difficult (or scary) to look into the future, make long-term plans (that is, they do not see a picture of their life in a year, five, ten years), and it is difficult for them to predict the consequences of their actions.
In this case, a person needs to develop the skill of constructing his long-term plans, and in addition, expand the scope of his interests to a larger area (for example, begin to be interested in world events, etc.)
In the case of farsightedness, people experience fear of the future, the inability to perceive it objectively, distrust of what awaits them ahead, a feeling of constant danger, wariness, and hostility of the world towards them. Such people do not see the future.
In addition, myopia develops in people who are prone to generalization and schematization of reality. Those of its realities that do not fit into their logical structure are ignored.
Myopia often affects people who are too focused on themselves and have difficulty perceiving other people’s ideas (they see and perceive only ideas that are “close” to them in spirit, and those that are “far away” do not see, do not perceive, and do not make room for them in the world). They have a limited outlook.
Myopia can also mean fixation on the external, on form, on the superficial, the presence of rigid stereotypes of perception that interfere with the objective perception of reality.
“Nearsighted” people judge other people all the time, but they themselves literally cannot see beyond their own noses. They don't like what they see around them, they don't notice any of it beautiful world, nor wonderful people, but they see only the negative, that’s why they unconsciously chose “not to see” (there’s nothing to look at, there’s nothing good there). In fact, what myopic people don’t like about the world and people around them is just a reflection of their own behavior.
The psychological causes of visual impairment can also be determined based on the period in which it began to fall:
For example, some people develop myopia in early school or preschool age. The reasons are that in their home, in their family, in their parents’ relationships, there is always a lot of negativity - quarrels, screaming, even beatings. It is painful for a child to see this, because for him parents are the closest people, and he himself cannot influence the situation. And as psychological protection his eyes weaken, myopia helps him dull the pain, “not seeing” what is happening. This is one of the reasons.
There is also the opposite option. For example, at home, before school or kindergarten, a harmonious atmosphere reigns in the child’s family, kind and respectful relationships between parents, the child receives love and support. Having become accustomed to such an attitude, he finds himself in a team where the conditions are completely different - no one loves him just like that, he has to fulfill certain conditions in order to achieve a good attitude from teachers and friendship from classmates.
The model of the world that he learned in his family turns out to be completely different from the “big” world, and he himself turns out to be unprepared for reality. The child does not want to put up with what he now sees, experiences stress, pain. As a result, this leads to the fact that he develops myopia - and he can clearly see only what is next to him, fencing himself off from the injustice and cruelty around him.
For many, vision deterioration occurs during puberty. Teenagers are faced with the topic of self-identification with their gender and, accordingly, many fears arise regarding these issues: what boys look like as men, and girls as women, whether they will succeed as partners and whether they will be chosen as partners, etc., if It is very difficult for a teenager to look into the above areas, as a result, vision decreases.
Such teenagers are afraid to become adults, because they are alarmed and frightened by what they see in the world of adults (example: they do not like the lifestyle of the adults who surround them, they want a different fate and live differently, but in fact they simply avoid growing up , not wanting to see their future).
If your vision began to deteriorate during the period of graduation (first year of college), this may mean that you are afraid of joining a new, more adult community.
During the period of graduation, young people have, as before the institute, a fear of adult life, a fear of not succeeding in the professional field - “childhood’s games are over, here it is.” adult life“, in this case, fear also blocks vision.
IN general outline the mechanism is clear. And it also works in adults, since we carry most of our conditions out of childhood without much revision.
Sometimes myopia is not associated with fears of the future and prospects. In this case, it is necessary to understand at what age vision began to decline, because Perhaps at this age some event happened that was difficult to look at and the person “chose”, due to his vision, “not to look” at this event.
If vision has not normalized with age, it means that the topic of the event or period is still subconsciously relevant for the person. In this case, it is necessary to deal with the event or period that was difficult for him to watch or difficult to accept or experience.
For example, if your vision decreased during puberty and never recovered, then you still do not accept yourself as an adult man/woman and do not take on the functions associated with these roles. Or if vision has dropped sharply after childbirth, this is the key to recovery in motherhood (in relation to oneself as a mother, in relation to a child, in accepting the role of a mother, etc.).
Recommendations: in order to correct your vision (myopia), you need to get rid of the fear that caused your vision deterioration. This may not be one fear, but several at once, for example, vision began to decline during puberty, worsened a little more in college, and became completely worse after childbirth. Each of these periods is accompanied by certain fears that could not be accepted.
It is necessary to open up to new ideas coming from the outside, to accept the points of view of other people (not to be rigidly fixed on your view of the world, but to allow several opinions to exist in parallel). You need to learn to solve problems as they arise and stop expecting the worst from the future.
Such fears are actually caused not by objective reality, but by the excessive activity of your imagination. Learn to look into the future with optimism. Also learn to respectfully listen to other people's opinions, even if they do not coincide with yours.
Farsightedness
With farsightedness, a person sees well in the distance and does not see close up, this means that the person is interested in what is happening in the world, in the distant environment, he is interested in his distant plans, and is not interested in looking at himself and his immediate environment (he is interested in something global, but everyday little things are so annoying that you don’t want to see them). Therefore, farsightedness is considered an age-related ailment, since in old age a person, for one reason or another, does not accept himself or the age-related changes that occur to him or in his immediate environment. It’s as if your life becomes boring, but the world and your surroundings become more interesting.
According to statistics, farsightedness occurs earlier in women than in men. And this is understandable; women have a harder time accepting their age-related changes.
In modern medicine, it is considered a normal physiological phenomenon for accommodation to deteriorate starting at about the age of 45 years. By “normal” here we only mean that, according to statistical studies, people over 45 years of age are much more likely to suffer from farsightedness than people under 45 years of age. Interestingly, the word "accommodation" means "adjustment" or "process of adjustment."
Therefore, we can assume that age-related farsightedness affects those who find it difficult to adapt to what is happening. It’s hard for them to look at themselves in the mirror, to see how their beloved body ages, to feel less and less attractive, they believe that aging is only a deterioration. Perhaps it is even harder for them to see the situation that is developing in own family or at work.
People with farsightedness worry too much about everything that happens around them and are too attached to the physical dimension. Because of this, their inner vision weakens, and they do not see their significance, acquired along with experience over many years.
Farsighted people go overboard with their good intentions. They want to see far, they want to get a lot at once, but they don’t want to see little ( household items). If a person demands from others, including the state, to ensure his future, then his vision deteriorates, since he does not see that everyone must first of all arrange their own life.
Recommendations: People with farsightedness need to learn to accept themselves, look at themselves with love and live in the here and now. Don't forget that your future depends on how you feel about your life today. Learn to adapt to the people and situations that appear in your life, and this will significantly improve its quality, and at the same time your vision.
Farsighted people in life need to first learn to enjoy the little things, then life can trust them with more. In order to move forward, they should first look at their feet and only then direct their gaze into the distance (after all, they might not see the obstacle under their nose, stumble, and end up not getting anywhere).
Astigmatism
With astigmatism, a person has his own stable view of life, and it is correct for him, and all other opinions are incorrect for him (hence the split in the visual picture: one image is an objective reality, the second is subjective, and their overlap friend does not happen). People with astigmatism need to accept that other points of view are also valid and begin to accept them. Astigmatism can also be a signal of fear of actually seeing yourself.
Colorblindness
When a person does not see color/colors, it means that the person subconsciously, for some reason, excludes this/these colors from his life. It is necessary to understand what certain colors symbolize for a person that he has excluded from his life (it is not their generally accepted symbolism that is important, but the personal meaning for a person).
When a person confuses similar shades, it means that a person sees his life in polar colors, but does not see shades as nuances of life or does not want to see.
When a person confuses contrasting colors, it means that his life does not have rainbow colors and as if everything in life is one for him.
The situation with diseases differs in children under three years of age. A child under three years of age is psychologically in a strong connection with his mother and does not yet identify himself as a separate person, therefore all diseases in a child under three years of age are maternal diseases.
Those. a child under three years of age expresses through his body (in this case, eye disorders) the problems that his mother has, and if the mother deals with these symptoms as if she were her own and deals with them, the child will no longer need to show the mother’s symptoms.
Conjunctivitis (styre or inflammation of the eyes)
From a psychosomatic point of view, the symptoms of this disease mean that something is happening in a person’s life that causes him irritation, anger, hatred and resentment, and the person does not agree with what is happening (this could be a situation, a person, etc.) and he does not wants to see this annoying factor.
The reasons are not important, the main thing is that the person experiences a feeling of irritation and anger. The stronger the negative emotions, the stronger the inflammation. Your aggression comes back to you and hits you in the eyes. In this case, if a person identifies what factors cause him to feel irritated or angry and deals with these factors (or finally accepts the irritating factors or removes them from his field of vision), the body will not need a symptom of conjunctivitis.
Sometimes the manifestation of schadenfreude and malice can lead to inflammation. After all, what is the evil eye? This is wishing evil on another person. And it will be reflected in your eyes.
Strabismus
When a person sees normally with both eyes, both pictures are synchronously superimposed on one another. With strabismus, a person sees two different pictures, from different viewing angles. And his subconscious is forced to choose one. This is how a one-sided view of things is formed.
Multiple strabismus in a child means that he sees contradictory messages from his parents. For example, when a mother wants one thing from a child, and a father wants another, and when the parents are of equal importance to the child, i.e. he cannot prioritize between mom and dad, a situation occurs when the child does not know who to listen to, and his eyes literally diverge.
Convergent strabismus. In contrast to multilateral strabismus, the cause of convergent strabismus is the child receiving contradictory messages from caregivers of the same sex (for example, mother and grandmother) and the child also cannot set priorities, and therefore, at the physical level, the above-mentioned psychological “distress” can be expressed in the convergence of the eyes to one point.
Strabismus in adults means that a person looks with one eye into real reality, and with the other either into an “illusory reality” or into some “other world”. In this case, I put an esoteric meaning into the concept of “another world”. Strabismus in adults means fear of looking into the present right here and now.
Glaucoma
With glaucoma, intraocular pressure increases, and severe pain in the eyeball. It literally becomes painful to see. A person is pressured by old grievances against people, against fate, some kind of mental pain, he does not forgive the wounds inflicted on him in the past. By stubbornly refusing to forgive, you only hurt yourself.
Glaucoma signals to a person that he is subjecting himself to severe internal pressure. Blocks out his feelings. In this case, it is very important to learn to express your emotions and give vent to your feelings. This disease is always associated with sadness. If glaucoma is accompanied by a headache, this means that the process of increasing this very sadness is underway.
Congenital glaucoma - the mother had to go through a lot of sadness during pregnancy. She was greatly offended, but she gritted her teeth and endured everything, but she cannot forgive. Sadness lived in her even before pregnancy, and during it she attracted injustice, from which she suffered and became vengeful. She attracted to her a child with an identical mindset, whose debt of karma was given the opportunity to be redeemed. Congenital glaucoma means being overwhelmed and overwhelmed by these feelings.
Cataract
Inability to look forward with joy. The future is covered in darkness. Why do cataracts usually occur in older people? Because they do not see anything joyful in their future. It is "foggy". What awaits us there, in our future? Old age, illness and death (so they think). Yes, there seems to be nothing to be happy about. This is how we program ourselves in advance for suffering at this age. But our old age and our departure from this world, like everything else, depend only on ourselves, on the thoughts and moods with which we meet them.
Dry eyes
Refusal to see, to experience the feeling of love. I would rather die than forgive. A malicious, sarcastic, unfriendly person. Loss of vision
The emergence in memory and replaying of only bad events.
Vision loss caused by aging is a reluctance to see the annoying little things in life. An old person wants to see the great things that have been done or achieved in life. If he does not understand that life begins with little things, which are just as important as the big things, since one cannot exist without the other, and he begins to hate these little things, then they will begin to annoy him more and more. Although vision deteriorates so that a person cannot see small things, as he would like, the person does not like it. He doesn’t want to see little things, but for some reason he puts on glasses so that he can see them. Anger contributes to increasingly weakening of vision. Anyone who stops wasting themselves on trifles, appreciating time in old age, can wear glasses of the same optical power for decades. And if an old person stops paying attention to the little things in life, because he feels that they have lost their meaning for him, then his vision begins to improve. What is change? Yes, everything that is of little importance to you.