There are several periods in the history of Russian literature.
- PRE-LITERARY. Until the 10th century, that is, before the adoption of Christianity, there was no written literature. Plot and lyrical works existed orally and were passed on from generation to generation.
- ANCIENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE developed from the 11th to the 17th centuries. These are historical and religious texts of Kievan and Muscovite Rus'.
- LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY. This era is called the "Russian Enlightenment". The basis of the great Russian classical literature laid by Lomonosov, Fonvizin, Derzhavin, Karamzin.
- LITERATURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY - the “golden age” of Russian literature, the period when Russian literature entered the world stage thanks to the genius of Pushkin, Griboyedov, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov and many other great writers.
- SILVER AGE - a short period from 1892 to 1921, a time of new heyday of Russian poetry, the emergence of many new movements and trends in literature, a time of bold experiments in art associated with the names of Blok, Bryusov, Akhmatova, Gumilyov, Tsvetaeva, Severyanin, Mayakovsky, Gorky , Andreev, Bunin, Kuprin and other writers of the early 20th century.
- RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE SOVIET PERIOD (1922-1991) - a time of fragmented existence of Russian literature, which developed both at home and in Western countries, where dozens of Russian writers emigrated after the revolution; time of existence of official literature, profitable Soviet power, and hidden literature, created contrary to the laws of the era and which became property wide range readers only decades later. Periodization of cultural historical process is a way of structuring it. Only depending on the definition of the system-forming element of culture can one explain the “pulsation” of a cultural-historical movement, identify and justify periods of cultural history of a certain temporal extent. Since more than a sufficient number of guidelines have been put forward to date for the role of such system-forming elements and criteria for periodization, there are also a great many options for periodization of both the history of culture as a whole and the histories of various components of the historical process. The time of man, culture, and historical existence are periodized in different ways. For each variant of periodization, as well as for the typology of culture, the choice of basis is essential and decisive, which is, as a rule, either in the material or spiritual sphere, or is adjacent to one of them. The meaning of any periodization - be it a global periodization of the historical process as a whole, a periodization of the development process of a local culture, or even the identification of stages creative activity scientist, artist, stages of development scientific theory or processes of genre formation in art, etc. - consists in finding the necessary help in ordering facts, understanding them, and classifying them. Periodization is “like a drawing of history drawn on tracing paper.” Periodization is introduced for the purpose of a deeper study of the dynamics of development, establishes milestones (slices of history), formalizes the process, reduces it to a diagram, abstracting from specific details.
Russian literature is a great heritage of the entire Russian people. Without it, since the 19th century, it is unthinkable world culture. Historical and cultural process and periodization of Russian literature have their own logic and characteristic features. Having begun more than a thousand years ago, its phenomenon continues to develop in the time frame of our days. This will be the subject of this article. We will answer the question of what is the periodization of Russian literature (RL).
General information
At the very beginning of the story, we summarized and presented the periodization of Russian literature. The table, compactly and clearly demonstrating the main stages of its development, illustrates the development of the cultural process in Russia. Next, let's look at the information in detail.
Conclusion
Russian literature is truly capable of stirring up “good feelings.” Her potential is bottomless. From the sunny musical style of Pushkin and Balmont to the intellectually deep and imaginative representation of our virtual century by Pelevin. Fans of sentimental lyrics will enjoy Akhmatova’s work. It contains both the wisdom inherent in Tolstoy and the filigree psychologism of Dostoevsky, to whom Freud himself doffed his hat. Even among prose writers there are those whose style is artistic expression reminds me of poetry. These are Turgenev and Gogol. Lovers of subtle humor will discover Ilf and Petrov. Those who want to taste the adrenaline from the plots of the criminal world will open the novels of Friedrich Neznansky. Fantasy connoisseurs will not be disappointed by Vadim Panov's books.
In Russian literature, every reader can find something that will touch his soul. Good books like friends or fellow travelers. They are able to console, advise, entertain, and support.
Historical and cultural process— the process of development and functioning of culture in society. Dostoevsky’s views on the historical and cultural process were formed under the certain influence of Hegel’s “philosophy of history,” as well as N. Danilevsky’s book “Russia and Europe” and were refined throughout his life. In early letters to his brother in the late 1830s. Dostoevsky points out the dependence of the “soul of man” on the history of culture; in the 60s raises the question of the specificity, typology and national identity of culture; in the 70s he is interested in the specifics folk culture. Dostoevsky considers the historical and cultural process primarily as a process of development spiritual culture, expressing the most important in the history of mankind and carried out through the moral evolution of the individual. The historical and cultural process has a certain direction and goal - achieving a state (20; 192-193). The historical and cultural process shapes a person: “It is not the spirit of the times, but entire millennia that through their struggles have prepared such a denouement in the human soul” (see).
In a notebook from 1864-1865. Dostoevsky explains the historical and cultural process by the laws of human evolution and identifies three stages of cultural development, linking them with the stages of the formation of humanity: the primitive community, when “man lives in masses,” “directly”; “transitional time” - “civilization”, promoting the development of personality and personal consciousness; a future in which a person must return to “immediacy”, to the “mass”, turn to the ideal of humanity - Christ (20; 191-192). Dostoevsky contrasts Christian ideas about the historical and cultural process (“norm”) to “socialist” ideas: “...The infinity of Christianity over socialism lies in the fact that<...>Christian,<...>giving everything, he does not demand anything for himself” (20; 193). Change historical periods occurs in the form of unexpected disasters. The task of art is to comprehend the historical and cultural process and influence it. The historical and cultural process and its consequences are unpredictable for humans. “...Perhaps exactly what our progressive minds consider untimely and unhelpful is modern and useful” (18; 100); Dostoevsky usually associates the concept of “progress” with people’s subjective assessment of the phenomena of the historical and cultural process. According to the observation of G.M. Friedlander, Dostoevsky distinguishes two types of “epochs” - “harmonious”, “healthy” (Homeric era, Renaissance), in the art of which the highest aesthetic pattern is expressed, and “disharmonious”, “painful”, transitional eras, when art exposes the chaos of life. It is precisely transitional eras that often turn out to be the most fruitful for art. In the historical and cultural process, Dostoevsky distinguishes two “layers” - folk culture and the “upper layer cultured people"(22; 110). The historical and cultural process is always national; culture is “a chemical combination of the human spirit with the native land” (5; 52). Dostoevsky sees the peculiarity of the Russian historical and cultural process in the tragic separation of “forms of life” from the “spirit and aspirations of the people” that began with Peter I; the prospect of Russian culture is a return to its native soil, preserved in folk culture(18; 36-37). Dostoevsky distinguishes “closed” (Russia before Peter) and “open” periods in the historical and cultural process, which are characterized by “an unprecedented expansion of view” (Russia after Peter). The internal content of the Russian historical and cultural process, starting with Peter’s reforms, is “...the need<...>all service to humanity,<...>our reconciliation with their civilizations, knowledge and apology of their ideals...", "the need to be<...>fair and seek only the truth” (23; 47); at the same time, Russia has the opportunity to get rid of diseases European civilization. Dostoevsky emphasizes the personal responsibility of each person for the results of the historical and cultural process. Dostoevsky attributed its result—the achievement of ideal harmony, drawing closer to Christ—to the distant future. In 1876-1877 Dostoevsky has a feeling of completion of the historical and cultural process, of approaching an apocalyptic catastrophe.
IN Soviet period Dostoevsky's views on the historical and cultural process were often criticized for their lack of historical thinking, lack of understanding of the role of classes and class struggle, and ignorance of “revolutionary dialectics.” At the beginning of the 20th century, in the 1980s–1990s, Dostoevsky was often viewed as a prophet who predicted many of the social and cultural upheavals of the 20th century.
Kondakov B.V.
The birth of culture was not a one-time act. It represented a long process of emergence and formation and therefore has no exact date. Nevertheless chronological framework this process is completely installable. If we assume that a person modern look -homosapiens- arose approximately 40 thousand years ago (80 thousand according to new data), then the first elements of culture arose even earlier - about 150 thousand years ago. In this sense, culture is older than man himself. This period can be pushed back even further, to 400 thousand years. when our distant ancestors began to use and make fire. But since by culture we usually mean primarily spiritual phenomena, the figure of 150 thousand years seems more acceptable. since the appearance of the first forms of religion, which is the main source of spirituality, dates back to this time. During this huge interval of time—one hundred and fifty thousand years—the process of formation and evolution of culture took place.
Periodization of cultural development
The thousand-year history of culture allows us to roughly distinguish five large periods in it. First begins 150 thousand years ago and ends approximately in the 4th millennium BC. It falls on and can be called the period of infancy of a person who takes his first timid steps in everything. He studies and learns to speak, but still does not know how to write properly. Man builds the first dwellings, first adapting caves for this, and then building them from wood and stone. He also creates the first works of art - drawings, paintings, sculptures, which captivate with their naivety and spontaneity.
The entire period was magical, because it rested on magic, which took a variety of forms: witchcraft, spells, incantations, etc. Along with this, the first religious cults and rituals, in particular the cults of the dead and fertility, rituals associated with hunting and burial. Primitive man dreamed of miracles everywhere; all the objects around him were shrouded in a magical aura. World primitive man was wonderful and amazing. It even inanimate objects were perceived as living, possessing magical powers. Thanks to this, close relationships were established between people and the things around them. almost family ties.
Second period lasted from the 4th millennium BC. until the 5th century AD It can be called childhood of humanity. It is rightfully considered the most fruitful and rich stage of human evolution. From this period, culture develops on a civilizational basis. She has not only magic, but also mythological character, since mythology begins to play a decisive role in it, in which, along with fantasy and imagination, there is a rational principle. At this stage, culture has almost all aspects and dimensions, including ethnolinguistic ones. The main cultural centers were represented by, and, and Rome, the peoples of America. All cultures were distinguished by their vibrant originality and made a huge contribution to the development of humanity. During this period, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and other fields emerged and successfully developed. scientific knowledge. Many areas artistic creativity- architecture, sculpture, bas-relief - reach classical forms, the highest perfection. Deserves special mention culture of Ancient Greece. It was the Greeks, like no one else, who were real children in spirit, and therefore their culture is characterized to the greatest extent by the playful principle. At the same time, they were child prodigies, which allowed them to be ahead of their time in many areas by entire millennia, and this in turn gave every reason to talk about the “Greek miracle.”
Third period falls on the V-XVII centuries, although in some countries it begins earlier (in the III century - India, China), and in others (European) it ends earlier, in the XIV-XV centuries. It constitutes the culture of the Middle Ages, the culture of monotheistic religions -, and. It can be called a person's adolescence when he, as it were, withdraws into himself, experiences the first crisis of self-awareness. At this stage, along with the already known cultural centers new ones appear - Byzantium, Western Europe, Kievan Rus. The leading positions are occupied by Byzantium and China. Religion has spiritual and intellectual dominance during this period. At the same time, being within the framework of religion and the Church, philosophy and science continue to develop, and at the end of the period, the scientific and rational principle begins to gradually take precedence over the religious.
Fourth period is relatively small, covering the XV-XVI centuries. and is called the era of the Renaissance (Renaissance). It matches adolescence of a person. when he feels an extraordinary surge of strength and is filled with boundless faith in his capabilities, in the ability to create miracles himself, and not wait for them from God.
In a strict sense, the Renaissance is characteristic mainly of European countries. Its presence in the history of other countries is quite problematic. It constitutes a transitional stage from medieval culture to the culture of the New Age.
The culture of this period undergoes profound changes. It actively revives the ideals and values of Greco-Roman antiquity. Although the position of religion remains quite strong, it is becoming the subject of rethinking and doubt. Christianity is experiencing a serious internal crisis, the Reformation movement arises in it, from which Protestantism is born.
The main ideological trend is humanism, in which faith in God gives way to faith in man and his mind. Man and his earthly life are proclaimed the highest values. All types and genres of art are experiencing an unprecedented flourishing, in each of which they create brilliant artists. The Renaissance was also marked by great maritime discoveries and outstanding discoveries in astronomy, anatomy and other sciences.
Last, fifth period starts from the middle XVII century, together with the New Time. A person of this period can be considered quite grown up. although he does not always lack seriousness, responsibility and wisdom. This period spans several eras.
XVII-XVIII centuries in socio-political terms are called the era of Absolutism, during which important changes occur in all areas of life and culture.
In the 17th century modern natural science is born, and science acquires unprecedented social significance. It begins to increasingly squeeze out religion, undermining its magical, irrational foundations. The emerging trend intensified even more in the 18th century. Enlightenment when religion becomes the subject of harsh, irreconcilable criticism. A clear example of this was Voltaire’s famous call “Crush the reptile!”, directed against religion and the Church.
And the creation by French philosophers and educators of the multi-volume “Encyclopedia” (1751-1780) can be considered a turning point, a kind of demarcation line separating the former, traditional person with religious values from new. modern man, whose main values are reason, science, and intelligence. Thanks to the successes of the West, the West is gaining a leading position in world history, which is being eclipsed by the traditional East.
In the 19th century V European countries approved capitalism, based on the achievements of science and technology, next to which not only religion, but also art begin to feel uncomfortable. The latter's position was aggravated by this. that the bourgeois strata - the new masters of life - for the most part turned out to be people of low cultural level, incapable of adequately perceiving art, which they declared unnecessary and useless. Under the influence of what arose in the 19th century. spirit scientism The fate of religion and art eventually befell philosophy, which was also increasingly pushed to the periphery of culture and became marginal, which was particularly evident in the 20th century.
In the 19th century Another important phenomenon arises in world history - westernization, or the expansion of Western European culture to the East and other continents and regions, which in the 20th century. reached impressive proportions.
By tracing the main trends in the evolution of culture, we can do conclusion, that their origins go back to the Neolithic revolution, when humanity made the transition from appropriating to producing and transforming technology. From that moment on, human existence was marked by a Promethean challenge to nature and the gods. He consistently moved from the struggle for survival to self-affirmation, self-knowledge and self-realization.
In cultural terms, the content of evolution consisted of two main trends - intellectualization And secularization. During the Renaissance, the task of self-affirmation of man as a whole was solved: man equated himself with God. New times, through the mouths of Bacon and Descartes, set a new goal: with the help of science, to make man “the lord and master of nature.” The Age of Enlightenment developed a specific project to achieve this goal, which involved solving two main tasks: overcoming despotism, i.e. the power of the monarchical aristocracy, and obscurantism, i.e. influence of church and religion.
Science and culture
In the course of evolution, the relationship between science and art has changed significantly. For Leonardo da Vinci, science and art are still in balance, unity and even harmony. After it, this balance is disrupted in favor of science, and the tendency towards intellectualization progressively increases. The importance of the past and traditions decreases, while the importance of the present and future increases. At the same time, the cultural field is differentiated and each area strives for independence and self-deepening.
In all areas of culture - and especially in art - the role of the subjective principle is increasing. In philosophy, Kant argues that reason dictates laws to nature, that the object of knowledge is constructed by the knower himself. In art, Rembrandt was one of the first to discover immeasurable depths inner world of man, comparable to the external Universe. In romanticism, and then in modernism and the avant-garde, the primacy of the subjective principle reaches its highest point.
By the middle of the 20th century. scientific, technical and technological revolutions bring the trends of intellectualization and secularization to almost complete implementation, as a result of which the ripe culture undergoes fundamental, qualitative changes. IN modern societythe center of cultural and spiritual influence has shifted from traditional institutions - church, school, university, literature and art - to new ones, and above all to television. According to the French sociologist R. Debres, the main means of cultural influence in France XVII V. there was a church sermon in the middle of the 18th century. — theater stage, V late XIX V. - speech of a lawyer in court, in the 30s. XX century - daily newspaper, in the 60s. - an illustrated magazine, and today - a regular television show.
Modern culture includes three main components: traditional-humanitarian. including religion and philosophy. traditional morality classical art:scientific and technical, or intellectual, including the art of modernism and avant-garde; massive. The first is, to one degree or another, perceived today as outdated and occupies a very modest place. The second, on the one hand, enjoys enormous prestige, but, on the other hand, due to its exceptional complexity, is not mastered by the overwhelming majority of people and therefore does not become a culture in the full sense. From here known issue eliminating “second illiteracy” associated with mastering a computer.
The third - mass - has undivided dominance, but culture itself often acts in it as a vanishing small size. That's why modern culture becomes more and more ephemeral, superficial, simplified and impoverished. It is increasingly deprived of moral and religious concern, philosophical problematics and depth, adequate self-awareness and self-esteem, and true spirituality. And although outwardly cultural life Our time is replete with high-profile events, internally she is struck by a serious illness, and is experiencing a deep crisis of spirituality.
The lack of spirituality in modern culture is becoming increasingly threatening and causing growing concern. Yeshe F. Rabelais once noted that science without a close connection with conscience leads to the ruins of the soul. Today this is becoming obvious. Our modernity is often defined as a great desolation of souls. Therefore, in search of ways to revive spirituality, many people turn to religion. French writer A. Malraux declares: “The 21st century will be religious or it will not be at all.” Supporters of Anglo-American neoconservatism see the salvation of humanity in a return to pre-capitalist values, and above all to religion. Participants in the French movement agree with them “ new culture” who also place their hopes on traditional ideals and values.
In the 1970s in the West there arose the so-called , understood by its creators and supporters as a culture of post-industrial and information society. Postmodernism expresses disappointment in the ideals and values of the Enlightenment, which have become the basis of all modern culture. It is characterized by a desire to blur the boundaries between science, philosophy and art, to reject any radicalism, hierarchy and opposition traditional values- good and evil, truth and error, etc. It also represents an attempt to overcome the opposition between the mass and elite culture and art, between mass tastes and the creative aspirations of the artist.
Postmodernism is full of contradictions, uncertainties and eclecticism. Moving away from many extremes of the previous culture, he comes to new ones. In art, postmodernism, in particular, instead of avant-garde futurism, professes passeism, rejects the search for the new and the cult of experiment, preferring an arbitrary mixture of styles of the past. Perhaps, having gone through postmodernism, humanity will finally learn to establish a balance between the values of the past, present and future.
LESSON 1.
Introduction. Historical and cultural process and periodization of Russian literature. Specificity of literature as an art form. The originality of Russian literature (with a generalization of previously studied material). The originality of Russian romanticism - the leading direction of Russian literature of the 1st half of the 19th century century.
I. SPECIFICITY OF THE LITERARY PROCESS IN RUSSIA. PROBLEMS OF PERIODIZATION
Literary process in Russia is an organic part of the world literary process. Russian literature, which dates back ten years in its development more than centuries, went through the same stages as world literature (more precisely, European literature). As in the history of most European literatures, the history of Russian literature is traditionally divided into periods of ancient (old) and new literature. Old Russian literature is characterized by the same stylistic and genre patterns as other literatures of the Middle Ages. Russian literature of modern times is developing in line with the pan-European process, passing through the stages of classicism, romanticism, realism and entering the period of a general world cultural crisis at the turn of the centuries (XIX - XX).
REFERENCE
Classicism(French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) - artistic style And aesthetic direction in European art XVII-XIX bb, one of characteristic features which was an appeal to forms ancient art as an ideal. From the point of view of representatives of classicism, only that which is enduring and timeless is important and valuable. This also determined clear norms and requirements of artistic rules: each genre and type of art has strict substantive boundaries and formal characteristics.
Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined characteristics, the mixing of which is not allowed.
Romanticism - literary movement that formed at the beginning of the 19th century. Fundamental to romanticism was the principle of romantic dual worlds, which presupposes sharp contrast the hero, his ideal - to the surrounding world. The incompatibility of ideal and reality was expressed in the departure of romantics from modern themes into the world of history, traditions and legends, sleep, dreams, fantasies, exotic countries. Romanticism has a special interest in the individual. For romantic hero Characterized by proud loneliness, disappointment, a tragic attitude and at the same time rebellion and rebellion.
Realism(lat. real, real) - a direction in literature and art that aims to truthfully reproduce reality in its typical features.
Signs:
1. Artistic depiction life in images, corresponding to the essence of the phenomena of life itself.
2. Reality is a means for a person to understand himself and the world around him.
3. Typification of images. This is achieved through the truthfulness of details in specific conditions.
4. Even with tragic conflict life-affirming art.
5. Realism is characterized by the desire to consider reality in development, the ability to detect the development of new social, psychological and public relations.
At the same time, Russian literature is a phenomenon national culture Russia, and the national uniqueness of the cultural process determines the specifics of the evolution of Russian literature as a whole.
The originality of the national culture and literature of Russia was first truly discussed at the end of the 19th century, when it became clearly clear what aesthetic and moral wealth Russian classic XIX V.
“It can be said positively that almost never and in any literature, in such short term didn't show up that much talented writers, as with us, so immediately, without interval” (F.M. Dostoevsky).
“Our culture is still very young. Three hundred years ago England already had Shakespeare, Spain - Cervantes, and a little later Moliere made France laugh with his comedies. Our classics begin only with Pushkin; just about a hundred years. And look, we are starting to overtake: the whole world is reading Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy” (A.P. Chekhov).
So, what periods in the history of Russian literature do we highlight? We have already talked about one, the largest division - this is the literature of the medieval (Old Russian) and the literature of modern times.
Old Russian literature covers the period from X to XVII centuries.
The beginning of Russian literature of modern times is traditionally attributed to XVIII V. (or by the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries), and the XVIII century. opened with Peter's reforms and a decisive break with the cultural traditions of old Rus'. XVIII century laid the foundation for the formation of a fundamentally new, secular cultural tradition, and modern culture is the direct heir of Peter’s reforms. XVIII century in the history of Russian literature was long considered studentish, dependent in comparison with Western European culture new time.
In the 19th century. Russian literature is gaining global significance, and the decisive role here belongs, of course, to A.S. Pushkin, because it was Pushkin who, in his work, overcame the sharp gap between Russian literature and leading European literature and brought it forward.
The crisis of Russian culture at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. was largely associated with the crisis of Russian literature; its classical era. It was at this time that A.P.’s creativity flourished. Chekhov - an artist who resolutely refused to resolve the issues posed in his works; He is first of all an artist; in his work, literature appears in its main - aesthetic - function, abandoning the claim to transform life according to the laws of art or by its means.
Chekhov completes the tradition golden age of Russian classics and at the same time is the forerunner of the new, « silver age» , who proposed a different model of interaction between the artist and society.
Russian literature at the turn of the century (XIX-XX) put forward the idea free arts and the autonomy of the artist, however, October 1917, with its ideological and political dictates, interrupted the natural flow of the literary process.
Literature Soviet Russia is a rather complex formation. When studying it, such names as M. Gorky, M.M. were once brought to the fore. Sholokhov, V.V. Mayakovsky, A.A. Fadeev, N.A. Ostrovsky - writers, one way or another connected with the ideology of the victorious proletariat, with the method socialist realism. When the time came for perestroika, these names were replaced by others - M.A. Bulgakov, M.I. Tsvetaeva, A.P. Platonov, A.I. Solzhenitsyn.
Currently in production new look on the history of Russian literature of modern times - a more objective view, according to which one cannot so easily exchange pros for cons, red for white. It is important to understand that both the writers of “socialist realism” and representatives of the “unofficial trend” are common participants in the same literary process, that there was no impassable line between them.
Finally, it is necessary to say a few words about modern literature, literature of the current time (late 20th - early 21st centuries). This time includes the publication of the so-called “returned literature”, which, for various ideological reasons, was not published at the time of its immediate creation - and thus removed from the literary process of the 1918-1970s.
As at the turn of the century (XIX-XX), so now in modern criticism There are statements about the death of Russian literature, about its degeneration. There are enough negative examples, here is the flourishing of the so-called “other prose” (overtly naturalistic), and the dubious experiments of postmodernists, and the unprecedented dominance mass literature. Of all the many functions of literature, the actual artistic and entertaining function has come to the fore.
So, let's summarize. In the history of Russian literature we distinguish two large periods - periods ancient Russian literature(X - XVII centuries) and new literature (XVIII - XX centuries). Modern literature is divided into literature XVIII V. (formation time national identity Russian literature); literature of the 19th century V. (the flourishing of Russian classics, acquiring global significance); literature turn of the XIX century- XX centuries (before October 1917) and literature of the 20th century. post-October period, from 1917 to the present day.
The main trends in the literary and social process of the 1st quarter of the 19th century.
They can be presented in the following table:
| Time | Historical events | Literary process | Genres | Works, writers |
| 1800-1815 | Patriotic War of 1812 | The existence of dying classicism and sentimentalism with emerging romanticism; activation of literary magazines, literary societies; central figure- Karamzin. | Leading place– poetic genres (song, message, elegy, ballad, fable). Nearby: sensitive story travel genre (sentimentalism); tragedy (classicism) | Stories, poetry of Karamzin; Derzhavin's lyrics; elegies, messages, ballads of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov; Krylov's fables; Pushkin's first poetic experiments (“Memories of Tsarskoe Selo”) |
| 1816-1825 | Decembrist uprising | The formation of romanticism as a leading artistic movement and the simultaneous emergence of realistic elements within the movement; Pushkin as the central figure of the literary movement | The rise of romantic poetry (elegy, ballad, epistle, poem); the birth of a romantic story. | “Elegiac school” in the poetry of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov; civil poetry of the Decembrists; romantic lyrics and “Southern Poems” by Pushkin 1821-1824; “Woe from Wit” by Griboyedov; “Boris Godunov” by Pushkin 1824, from 1823 - work on “Eugene Onegin”; “History of the Russian State” by Karamzin. |