What does the concept of effective territory mean? The role of effective territories in the development of the country's economy. Special legal regimes of entrepreneurship in the Russian Far East: economic and legal research monograph

land management expert assessment

Centuries-old practice indicates that the main sources of viability and prosperity of any state are its land resources and the population living on them. At the same time, land resources should be understood not only as the territory (space) of the state, but also everything that is “above” and “below” this space. The country's provision of land resources is the most important economic and political factor in the development of social production. The availability of land resources provides wide scope for the economic development of regions of the world.

Land resources are the earth's surface suitable for human habitation and for any type of economic activity. Land resources are characterized by the size of the territory and its quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions.

The largest countries in the world by area are:

Russia - 17.1

Canada - 10.0

China - 9.6

Brazil - 8.5

When studying the problem of efficient use of land resources, it is necessary to highlight the concept of effective territory. An effective territory is a territory of a country suitable for economic development.

The largest countries in the world by effective territory:

(million km 2)

Brazil - 8.1

Australia - 7.7

China - 6.0

Russia - 5.5

Improper and uncontrolled land use is the main cause of degradation and depletion of land resources. Current land use practices often do not take into account the actual potential, productivity and constraints on the use of land resources, as well as their spatial diversity. It is expected that the world population, currently 7 billion people (the seven billionth inhabitant of the land of Nikolaev, was born in Kaliningrad on November 1, 2011), will reach 8 billion people in 20-25 years. The need to increase food production to meet growing demands places enormous pressure on natural resources, including land resources. In many regions, poverty and malnutrition are already chronic problems. One of the main threats is the destruction and degradation of agricultural and environmental resources. Although methods for increasing production and conserving land and water resources have been developed, they are not widely or systematically applied. A systematic approach is needed to identify land use and production systems that are sustainable for each specific soil type and climate zone, including the creation of economic, social and institutional mechanisms for their implementation.

The provision of mankind with land resources is determined by the world land fund, which amounts to 13.4 billion hectares. Of the individual large regions, Africa (30 million km2) and Asia (27.7 million km2) have the largest land resources, and Europe (5.1 million km2) and Australia and Oceania (8.5 million km2) have the smallest. km2). However, if we consider the provision of regional land resources per capita, the result will be the opposite: for each resident of sparsely populated Australia there is 37 hectares of land (maximum), and for a resident of Asia - only 1.1 hectares, approximately the same in Europe .

The structure of the land fund shows how land resources are used. It distinguishes agricultural lands (cultivable - arable land, gardens, sown meadows and natural meadows and pastures), forest lands, lands occupied by settlements, industry and transport, unproductive and unproductive lands.

The largest countries in the world by arable land area:

Table 1. The largest countries in the world by arable land area.

The most valuable cultivated lands occupy only 11% of the world's land fund. The same indicator is typical for the CIS countries, Africa, and North America. For Europe this figure is higher (29%), and for Australia and South America it is the lowest (5% and 7%). The countries of the world with the largest amounts of cultivated land are the USA, India, Russia, China, Canada. Cultivated lands are concentrated mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. Natural meadows and pastures dominate over cultivated lands everywhere (in Australia by more than 10 times), except in foreign Europe. Globally, on average 23% of land is used for pasture.

The structure of the planet's land fund is constantly changing under the influence of two opposing processes. One is the struggle of mankind to expand lands suitable for habitation and agricultural use (development of fallow lands, land reclamation, drainage, irrigation, development of coastal areas of the seas); the other is the deterioration of lands, their withdrawal from agricultural use as a result of erosion, desertification, industrial and transport development, open-pit mining, waterlogging, and salinization.

The second process is proceeding at a faster pace. Therefore, the main problem of the world land fund is the degradation of agricultural lands, as a result of which there is a noticeable reduction in cultivable land per capita, and the “load” on them is constantly increasing. The countries with the least provision of arable land per capita are China (0.09 hectares), Egypt (0.05 hectares).

In many countries, efforts are being made to preserve the land fund and improve its structure. In the regional and global aspect, they are increasingly coordinated by specialized UN bodies - UNESCO, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), etc.

Table 2. Structure of world land resources, %

	Share of global value
Land fund		Meadows and pastures	Other lands



North America
South America
Australia and Oceania

Zoning of a territory is the delimitation of a territory, highlighting special zones and defining for each of them the intended purpose, priority functions and corresponding modes of use.

Territory zoning has become particularly widespread in Western European countries, the USA and Canada, where zones determine the main directions for the development of land use in the future.

Zoning of the territory is carried out on the basis of land management schemes, schemes for the use and protection of land resources, environmental protection, land management, urban planning and other documentation at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and their municipalities.

Decisions on zoning of the territory are made based on the following basic principles: orientation towards intensive use and rational organization of the territory; establishing a scientifically based balance of lands for various purposes, preserving specially protected natural areas, agricultural lands, valuable historical and cultural objects. Creation of the necessary engineering and transport infrastructure; clear delineation of lands for agricultural, forestry, environmental purposes and urbanized territories with the legislative establishment of the corresponding regimes of their functional use; providing the most favorable organizational and territorial conditions for farming.

The composition of the lands of settlements includes land plots classified in accordance with urban planning regulations to the following territorial zones: residential; social and business; production; engineering and transport infrastructures; recreational; agricultural use; special purpose; military facilities; other territorial zones. Territory zoning materials are prepared as text and graphic parts. The text part substantiates the conditions for establishing zones, their boundaries, land areas, etc.

The graphic part includes a schematic overview map, which shows in color the location of each of the established zones. The scale of the map depends on the size of the zoning territory and can be: for the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation -1: 1,000,000 - 1:250,000; administrative districts - 1: 250,000 - 1: 50,000; territory of municipalities located within the boundaries of administrative districts - 1: 10,000 - 1: 25,000. Territory zoning schemes are approved by a resolution of the relevant authorities or a decision of local governments. The approved documents regulate the issues of changing forms of land ownership, establishing payment for land, zoning of territories taking into account the regime of land use, etc.

Pl. Spanish lands.

Lecture 2.

World Land Trust, concept of effective territory.

The largest countries in the world by area are:

Russia – 17.1

Canada – 10.0

China – 9.6

Brazil – 8.5

When studying problems of planning the use of land resources, scientists highlight the concept of effective territory. An effective territory is a territory of a country suitable for economic development.

The largest countries in the world by effective territory:

(million km 2)

Brazil – 8.1

Australia – 7.7

China – 6.0

Russia – 5.5

Planning for the provision of land resources to the population.

Improper and uncontrolled land use is the main cause of degradation and depletion of land resources. When planning land use, the actual potential, productivity and factors limiting the use of land resources, as well as their spatial diversity, are often not taken into account. It is expected that the world population, currently 7 billion people (the seven billionth inhabitant of the land of Nikolaev, was born in Kaliningrad on November 1, 2011), will reach 8 billion people in 20-25 years. The need to increase food production to meet growing demands places enormous pressure on natural resources, including land resources. One of the main threats is the destruction and degradation of agricultural and environmental resources. Although methods for increasing production and conserving land and water resources have been developed, they are not widely or systematically applied. A systematic approach is needed to identify land use and production systems that are sustainable for each specific soil type and climate zone, including the creation of economic, social and institutional mechanisms for their implementation.

Planning for humanity's supply of land resources is determined by the world land fund, which amounts to 13.4 billion hectares. Of the individual large regions, Africa (30 million km2) and Asia (27.7 million km2) have the largest land resources, and Europe (5.1 million km2) and Australia and Oceania (8.5 million km2) have the smallest. ). However, if we consider the continents’ provision of land resources per capita, the result will be the opposite: for each resident of sparsely populated Australia there is 37 hectares of land (the maximum), and for each resident of Asia - only 1.1 hectares, approximately the same in Europe.

Structure of the world land fund.

The largest countries in the world by arable land area:

Fig. 3. Table 2. The largest countries in the world by arable land area.

The most valuable cultivated lands occupy only 11% of the world's land fund. The same indicator is typical for the CIS countries, Africa, and North America. For Europe this figure is higher (29%), and for Australia and South America it is the lowest (5% and 7%). The countries of the world with the largest amounts of cultivated land are the USA, India, Russia, China, Canada. Cultivated lands are concentrated mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. Natural meadows and pastures dominate over arable land everywhere (in Australia by more than 10 times), except in foreign Europe. Globally, on average 23% of land is used for pasture.

The second process is proceeding at a faster pace. Therefore, the main problem of the world land fund is the degradation of agricultural lands, as a result of which there is a noticeable reduction in cultivable land per capita, and the “load” on them is constantly increasing. The countries with the least arable land per capita are China (0.09 hectares), Egypt (0.05 hectares).

	Share of global value
Land fund		Meadows and pastures	Other lands



North America
South America
Australia and Oceania
The whole world

Table 3. Structure of world land resources, %

Main trends in planning the use of world land resources.

The world's land resources are declining. In many countries, due to a lack of arable land, there is a shortage of food. Today, the global food problem is becoming more and more acute. Since its inception, discussions have been ongoing about ways to solve it. Many see a solution in further expansion of arable, pasture and fishing grounds. Cultivated lands (arable land, gardens and plantations) today occupy 1,450 million hectares or only 11% of the inhabited land area. Meadows and pastures occupy 3400 million hectares or 26%. It turns out that not all possible reserves for developing territories for agricultural production have yet been used.

At the same time, there are many estimates indicating that natural factors themselves quite strongly limit the possibilities of such expansion. It was found that in territories occupying a total of 78% of the total land area (excluding Antarctica), there are certain natural restrictions for the development of agriculture (Table 4). And of the remaining 22% of lands, 13 are characterized by low, 6 by medium and only 3% by high productivity.

Domestic scientists made similar calculations. According to some, unproductive lands on which biological products cannot be produced (glaciers, lifeless deserts, rivers, lakes, cities, etc.) include 54 million km2, or more than 36% of the total land area. The share of productive but not arable lands (tundra, forest-tundra, swamps, arid and semi-desert pastures, mountain forests, etc.) accounts for 70 million km2, or 47% of the total land area. As a result, arable land covers an area of 25 million km2, accounting for about 17% of the land area.

Scientists continue to compile numerous land planning calculations regarding reserve agricultural, and above all, arable land. According to some estimates, the maximum area of economically profitable land for exploitation is 1.5 billion hectares. This means that humanity has actually already used the entire available fund of arable land. According to other estimates, such a fund is much larger, it is potentially equal to 2.5 billion hectares, and, therefore, people can plow more than 1 billion hectares in the future. At the end of the twentieth century, estimates appeared that the area of land potentially suitable for the development of agriculture exceeded 3 billion hectares. This means that there are still more than 1.5 billion hectares of land in reserve. Finally, some FAO calculations have been published, according to which the area of potentially cultivable land is 3.4 billion hectares. Most domestic experts agree that the real world reserve of arable land is about 1 billion hectares.

This suggests that only a relatively small part of the reserve areas can be put into economic circulation at relatively low costs. The development of the remaining reserve lands, inconvenient in terms of relief or position, arid, swampy or saline, etc., can only be carried out with very large capital investments. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that part of the newly developed lands will have to compensate for those losses of the planet’s land fund that are associated with its degradation due to the development of desertification, erosion, and the expansion of non-agricultural territories.

Type of restriction preventing the plowing of land	Area, million hectares	Share of total land area, %
Glacial cover
Low temperatures
Dry climate
Slope steepness
Soil properties:
low power
nutrient poverty
waterlogging

Table 4. Natural factors limiting the development of agricultural production.

Planning the development of new territories.

An important role in the development of new lands is played by their distribution between economically developed and developing countries. According to some modern estimates, the ratio between them in this indicator is approximately 1:4. To expand arable areas at a relatively reasonable price and using existing equipment and technologies, land in areas with a temperate climate is more suitable. As for reserve lands in developing countries, they are located either in the tropical rainforest zone, or in the savannah zone, or in even less favorable dry areas, where not only large investments are required, but also additional solutions to certain agroclimatic problems. Moreover, overall land degradation in this group of countries has reached particularly alarming proportions.

Table 5 shows that the main areas of land reserved for development are in South America and Africa.

	Arable land, million hectares	Developed in agriculture, million hectares	Degree of mastery, %	Reserves for development, million hectares	Share in the world reserve, %




North America
South America
Australia

* Without CIS countries.

Table 5. Developed and reserved land resources of the world by region

In South America, only 1/3 of arable land has so far been developed, but this share can be increased to 2/3, primarily thanks to Brazil. However, the development of such lands will be associated with very great difficulties - both natural (72% of them are located in the humid tropics, 24 in the subtropics and only 4% in the temperate zone) and socio-economic (latifundism).

In Africa, the rate of development can be increased from 43 to 57%. The main part of the reserve lands, located between 12° N. w. and 25° S, has an average annual precipitation of at least 800 mm and an average annual temperature of at least 18°C. These agroclimatic conditions allow for a long growing season and two harvests per year. But soil degradation is especially great here.

The resources of free land in foreign Asia are much smaller. It should be taken into account that in countries such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the island of Java (Indonesia), Central Luzon (Philippines), land suitable for agriculture was used for more than 90 years back in the 60s of the 20th century. %. The least amount of land reserved for development remains in Europe.

At the beginning of the development of reserve lands, the rate of their increase will be far behind the rate of population growth. Accordingly, the load on the land will increase, and the indicators of per capita availability of land resources will begin to decline. Today, there is an average of 0.20 hectares of arable land per inhabitant of the Earth, and by 2050 this specific indicator may drop to 0.07 hectares. Consequently, everything depends not so much on the expansion of the area of cultivated land, but on the nature of its use.

11. Ways to intensify agricultural land use.

The main prospects for solving the global food problem should be associated not so much with the extensive, but with the intensive way of increasing food production.

It is clear that the intensification of the agricultural use of the territory consists primarily of mechanization, chemicalization, irrigation, increasing energy availability, the use of higher-yielding and disease-resistant varieties of crops, the most productive breeds of livestock - everything that allows increasing the output of agriculture and livestock breeding even with a decrease in agricultural areas.

The world experience of recent decades confirms the fact that the intensive path of transformation in agriculture has become the main one. Back in 1960-1980. the increase in grain production in the world by 1/5 was due to the expansion of areas, and by 4/5 as a result of increased yields. In economically developed countries this share was 86% (in Western Europe - 100%), and in developing countries - 77 (in Africa and Latin America 46-48%).

However, when assessing the possibilities of an intensive path of development, one must also keep in mind that the potential of some traditional paths of intensification has already been largely exhausted. This applies to mechanization, electrification, chemicalization, and irrigation.

Until recently, this important reserve for agricultural intensification was used widely, both in developed and developing countries. This is confirmed by data on the dynamics of irrigated areas. In 1900, only 40 million hectares were irrigated in the world, and by 1950 the area of such land increased to 95 million hectares. The following figures are even more indicative: in 1960 - 135 million hectares, in 1970 - 170 million, in 1980 - 210 million, in 1990 - 230 million, in 2005 - 250 million. ha. Today, irrigated lands occupy about 19% of all cultivated lands, but provide up to 1/3 of total agricultural production. Asia accounts for over 60%, the CIS and North America - approximately 10% each, and Europe - about 7% of such lands. In terms of the share of irrigated land in the total area of arable land (30%), Asia is also ahead.

The greatest increase in irrigated land was observed in the 50-70s, when irrigated areas more than doubled, primarily due to the construction of more than 90 large dams and reservoirs in different parts of the world. But since the 80s, the growth of irrigated areas has slowed sharply - due to an increase in specific capital investments, and in some countries also due to limited water resources and changes in groundwater levels, due to the abandonment of the construction of river-bed dams. For example, a reduction in irrigated areas occurred in the USA and China. There was also a loss of irrigated areas due to their unsatisfactory use.

All this means that the main prospects for intensification are associated with the technological revolution, expressed in the use of advances in biotechnology, information technology in agriculture and livestock farming, improving product quality, reducing production costs, and breeding new plants and animal breeds.

The production of artificial food based on soybeans, seaweed, yeast, and some mushrooms has begun. Food products made from them have already become widespread in the United States. Mariculture also has significant reserves. Mariculture is the cultivation of marine organisms. The main difference between mariculture and fishing is the mandatory human control over the survival of juveniles.

A concept for the development of sustainable agriculture has been developed and is being tested.

Sustainable farming means: a more effective combination of knowledge and practical experience of the local population, ensuring rapid adaptation of modern technologies in agriculture.

When planning the use of land, the main indicators of the level of intensification of agriculture can be data on the cost of production per unit area and data on how many people can be fed by 1 hectare of arable land or one worker employed in agriculture. These data for economically developed countries are presented in Table 6.

	Products per 1 hectare of arable land, dollars.	How many people does it feed?
1 ha of arable land	1 agricultural worker

United Kingdom

Netherlands




Switzerland
Australia


Portugal

Table 6. Level of agricultural intensification.

When planning the use of land resources, calculations regarding how much a particular territory can feed, a lot is done. One can give reasoning on this topic by D.I. Mendeleev, who proceeded from the fact that 1 hectare of agricultural (cultivated) land can feed two inhabitants. Even without taking into account the prospects for increasing productivity and with such a ratio, as the scientist believed, 8 billion people could live on Earth. Nowadays, the answer to this question is usually based on the hypothetical idea that, over time, progress in agriculture will spread to all countries of the world, and this will completely satisfy the food needs of future generations of people. As for the control numbers, the “fork” between them sometimes turns out to be very large. For example, according to some American experts, if all the land suitable for agricultural crops is cultivated using already known advanced methods and adding irrigation in dry areas, then 50-60 billion earthlings can be fully satisfied with food. But this, of course, is a maximalist scenario for the future. According to one FAO forecast, under certain conditions it will be possible to feed approximately 30 billion people, although the real figure is likely to be 10-15 billion people. Against such a global background, Russia’s position may cause some concern. The potential opportunities for food production in the country are quite large, but for this, the long-predominant extensive way of solving the food problem, which has actually already exhausted itself, must be changed to the intensive way of using land resources.

Pl. Spanish lands.

But not only scale is important.

“We are not only the biggest, but also the coldest.”

Territories:

1. Effective.

2. Extreme.

Actual.

1. Effective territory- part of the actual territory lying outside the extreme territory:

"average annual temperature: not lower than –2°C;

"location relative to sea level: no higher than 2000 m, that is, where permanent residence is possible.

Russia has 5th place in the world (2/3 of extreme sports for us).

In an efficient territory, production costs are 40-50% less.

Russia has high energy costs.

A warming of 3-4°C is expected and an isotherm defining the boundaries of the eff. ter., will move by 1000 km (we will have more eff. ter.).

But: the infrastructure of the Far North will be disrupted, since there will be no permafrost there.

Change in precipitation zones => shift in agriculture. land.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Main features of the territorial organization of productive forces

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All topics in this section:

Main features of the territorial organization of productive forces
1.1. Subject of research into regional economics. 1.2. The place of the spatial factor in economic development. 1.3. Introduction to area studies terminology. 1.4. Role

Subject of regional economics research
Scope of research: "Studying the features of the development and location of productive forces." Analysis of factors esp. …. "Exploring the features

The place of the spatial factor in economic development
The spatial aspect is important in the study, since: “Russia has a vast scale of territories, 17.1 million km2 (1/7 of land) => climate diversity,

Regional Studies
Region1 District Region2 Region3 "synonymous with the concept of "district"

Terms of accommodation
- features of the region for which the placement problem is being solved. Highlights the features of each production and compares them with the features of a specific region. The more matches, the better the options.

Industries gravitating towards places where qualified personnel are concentrated
5. Industries that gravitate towards places where their products are consumed: “if the product loses quality during transportation or storage (bread,

Territorial structure and organization of productive forces
(Territorial organization of production forces is based on the territorial structure of the economy) Territorial structure of the economy

Diversification of production
- this is the process of complicating the structure of production in the region, the simultaneous development of unrelated industries (→ expansion of the range). Ways d

Types of activities that depend on the level of scientific and technical progress
1. Primary activities include industries related to the processing of raw materials (mining, agriculture). Stage of pre-industrial development.

Identification of 5 functioning subsystems in the region
(This is rational) 1. Economic subsystem (territorial-production relations regarding inter-sectoral interaction, financial

Industrial center
- a small town, populated area. This is the simplest form: – industrial production is concentrated on a small scale; – the population is predominantly employed in industry

Industrial hub
- a block of enterprises that have production connections with each other. A block of enterprises is a set of enterprises located on one site and created by one construction company.

Specific signs of TPC
1.TPK is created to jointly solve a problem. Types of problems: "obtaining a resource or product for (during) development of the region (Middle Ob TPK);

The problem of developing a mechanism for the practical implementation of the TPK functioning program
In practice, it was not possible to achieve all the goals set. Basically they did not achieve complexity. Reasons for failure: 1. When forming the TPK there was no

Free economic zones (FEZ)
They have been widespread abroad since the late 50s, but in Russia interest in them arose only in the 90s. Literature: // USA: economics, politics, ideology. `95, No. 5-6.

Export production zones
Combination of export and industrial zone. These are zones of special economic regime. · point (1-2 km2, no customs border); · industrial parks (especially

Highly specialized (offshore) zones
This is a special type of SEZ, created as a joint entrepreneurship zone. Preferential regime for financial and credit operations. Only for foreign companies or companies with foreign participation (and

Composition and capabilities of the SEZ
Composition: There is only one requirement: there must be an industry with competitive products. More widespread in labor-intensive industries that have high profit margins

Specifics of Chinese SEZs
" were created under centralized rule, the government went to create local authorities that have the right to: · establish enterprises with the participation of foreign capital;

Achievements of China's SEZ
1. Attracting foreign investment. ¼ ends up in SEZ shares. 1991 - direct investment - $5 billion. 1992 - 10. 1993 - 24. 1994 - 34.

Problems and prospects for creating SEZs in Russia
Interest in SEZs arose in the late 80s, the peak of formation was the early 90s. · When the opportunity arose to obtain SEZ status, there were more than 100 applications from regions

Features of the Russian approach
1. All decisions on the creation of a SEZ take the form of a decree or resolution. There are several laws on specific regions, and there is no general legislation regarding the creation of SEZs in Russia.

Factors shaping the investment climate
1. Political stability. 2. Social stability. 3. Criminal situation. 4. The degree of legalization of foreign economic activity (openness to foreign markets

Reasons for failure
1. A favorable investment climate has not been created. 2. The speed of emergence of SEZs is too high. 3. A large number of SEZs. 4. Large territories occupied by SEZs.

Lecture 2 .

6. Land fund of the world, the concept of effective territory.

The largest countries in the world by area are:

Russia – 17.1

Canada – 10.0

China – 9.6

Brazil – 8.5

The largest countries in the world by effective territory:

(million km 2)

Brazil – 8.1

Australia – 7.7

China – 6.0

Russia – 5.5

Planning for the provision of land resources to the population.

Effective geopolitical space- multidimensional space of communication conjugacy. The success of nation-building does not always depend on natural wealth. States often become prosperous without effective territory and the presence of large energy and other natural resources. What is important here is the technology of power, based on identifying the proportions between various communications based on the strategic resource of creative human energy. The civilizational approach offers various technologies of power. Ancient Greek conjugation of space, polis and microcosm of the soul. Great Chinese order. Western European connection between Thought and Capital. American model of Market and Democracy. Creative human energy is the foundation of national security. It is possible to protect not only material, but also spiritual values only if there is a sense of dignity and civilizational (including religious) affiliation.
States that are small in geographical extent (Switzerland, Japan, etc.) can create an effective geo-economic space while being in a larger geopolitical space, for example, under the US nuclear umbrella.
Effective territory- the territory of a state without extreme conditions for people’s lives. Climatic zones are considered unsuitable where the average annual temperature is below two degrees below zero and the altitude above sea level is over 2000 meters. According to this indicator, the world leaders are Brazil, the USA, Australia and China. The longest and coldest country - Russia - ranks fifth. In Russia, only a third of the territory (5.5 million sq. km.) meets the criteria for an effective territory. Here, the creation of production facilities requires large costs per unit of production. The longest European state, Ukraine, has an exceptionally high proportion of effective territory in the total area of the country, but this circumstance, given the ineffective technology of government, has little impact on the well-being of the state.

An effective geopolitical space contributes to the creation of international transport corridors - general communication directions for accelerating the turnover of trade, industrial and financial capital, and information products. A classic example is the Great Silk Road. This is not only a technical construction of the past, but, above all, communication in the geopolitical and geo-economic space. This extensive communication framework connected ancient and medieval civilizations.
An international transport corridor can be effective in creating a Greater Communication Space with common preferences. Therefore, the project of European transport corridors between Western and Eastern Europe and the revival of the Great Silk Road are possible with the creation of a single economic space, including a customs union. There are no such prerequisites yet. The World Information Highway is being successfully formed in the virtual space of the Internet.

In the West, the collapse of the USSR was seen as the fall of one of the last empires. However, not much time passed before the possibility of creating “liberal” empires began to be considered again as an effective geospace.
Empire, is one of the varieties of Large multidimensional spaces, has different conceptual definitions:

A large state.
The highest state power belongs to the people (Roman Empire of the Republican period).
Expansion beyond long-term stable boundaries, caused by the outgrowth of an established, historically formed organism (Georgy Fedotov).
After its formation, each empire experiences a period of prosperity, due to the possibility of concentrating significant resources and establishing relatively lasting peace over a large territory. This is perceived by the population as a great benefit. The liberated significant resources and a single communication space contribute to the creation of a closed, self-sufficient state and the elimination of customs, political and economic borders within its borders.
The empires of the Middle Ages and modern times differed little from each other in their internal policies. Centralized management and a costly economy, wasteful expenditure of labor and natural resources, implementation of expensive projects of the “century”, huge expenses for maintaining the army, repression of entire nations.
An empire can be a monarchy headed by an emperor, a federation (German Empire), a unitary state (Russian Empire), a commonwealth of states (British Empire).
Imperial integration is a logical desire for synthesis, the formation of a Greater Space led by a state with an idea-power (Carl Schmitt).

Modern "liberal" empire is a form of political government that determines not only the foreign, but also the internal policies of other states, not necessarily neighboring ones. In the process of globalization of international relations, the United States has become a world empire (Pax Americana), based on real world military-political, economic and technological superiority. Imperial thinking is characterized not only by the dominance of the state over the law, but also by the right to use force to achieve “limitless” justice in any region of the Earth (zone of vital interests). The American Empire is an importer of capital and migrants (human capital), while the British Empire was the largest exporter of capital, culture and people (human capital).
The most effective form of countering global challenges and threats in the modern world is state-civilization. The largest poles of economic and technological development are represented by similar entities - United Europe, the United States and China. The classic state-civilization is China, where political, sociocultural and religious borders basically coincide. A united Europe is associated with the historical core of Western European civilization. American civilization is recognized as such by its scale of impact on the surrounding world (military-political, economic, cultural and information expansion). The state-civilization was the Soviet Union, which disintegrated into national entities.

* * *
It is impossible to move forever into the realm of truth. But man is doomed to strive for the invisible shores of the Great Ocean - Large multidimensional communication spaces created by nature and human creative activity. It is here that thinking points to the “borderline states” of processes of different scales and red-hot energy-saturated horizons open up. On these “shores” of the immanent world, thanks to the human phenomenon, geopolitical strategies are formed that can overcome the shortage of exhaustible finite natural energies. It has always been this way and it will always be so. Let us turn to the Large multidimensional spaces of World Civilizations and the World Ocean.

Resume

The era of Great discoveries of frontier communicability of Large multidimensional spaces is coming, when the focus is on “frontier” processes between civilizations, peoples, sea and continent, world-economies, nature and man, his external and internal world. As a result of the stratification of multi-scale processes in nature and society, high-energy boundaries of the Large multidimensional spaces of Civilizations and the World Ocean are formed, contact zones are identified at their boundaries (EURAMAR and MOREMAR). The communication nature of Large multidimensional space is twofold. Their borderliness can serve as a strategic resource for material development or spiritual revival, or, in the context of the loss of contact functions, turn into an unbearable burden for states. Then the communication nature of space is destroyed, and states disintegrate. The creative frontier energy of the multidimensional communication space of the state, revealing the hidden potential of human energy, is considered as the main strategic resource of national security.

Chapter 4. WORLD CIVILIZATIONS. "A WORLD OF EQUALLY DIFFERENT WORLDS"

Multidimensional space of civilizations. Civilizational geopolitical code. “Engine” of civilizational reformations. “Spark plug” of the dialogue of civilizations. Globalization and civilizational challenges

After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the modern world became different. The world order with two superpowers has been replaced by multipolarity and multidimensionality of the communication space. On the horizons of the emerging New World, international relations of states are giving priority to an open information space, which is not always subject to the will of national governments. Global financial and banking networks of the transnational space are becoming increasingly autonomous and powerful. But transnational corporations no longer rule the world. Events in the financial market indicate trends in its spiraling out of control and the possibilities of professional forecasting.
It is impossible to say unequivocally that the world around us has become better or worse, it has become more open. And it is possible to take a worthy place in this world not by blindly borrowing other people’s development models or Western modernization, but by using technological advances based on the characteristics of one’s own sociocultural identity. In the transnational economic space, no one is going to wait for this or that country to stop imitating reforms or to overcome a deep socio-economic recession. Yes, strictly speaking, in this world there is no one to appeal to; it does not have a President or a single God.